Analysis Of Mari Evans s The Maid - 868 Words

When In Rome,† by Mari Evans, is an exceptional poem, demonstrating the struggle of African Americans in a white man’s world. The conflict between the two characters Mattie, the maid, and her boss is greatly enhanced by the strategic structure that Evans uses to mold the poem’s composition. This poem may seem to be a regular rhythmic poem, but this is trickery! One should not simply read this as a normal poem, but as an intelligently arranged, artistic one. Though the poem at first glance seems visually pleasing with an almost sing-song, rhythmic cadence, it is truly irregular with deeper analysis. The structure of the poetic dialogue between an elitist master and her oppressed servant exhibits the struggles of the African American community of the pre-desegregation era of the 1900’s. â€Å"When in Rome† is clearly structured with dialogue between two personas. The first character speaks freely to her maid, Mattie. Her words are assorted in prose without punctuation. This serves to show she is free to speak her mind. Mattie’s responses are enclosed with parentheses symbolizing the oppression or suppression of her thoughts. This device shows the reader that Mattie is not comfortable expressing herself because of the hierarchy of the relationship. Further, the meter of the poem is not regular. This adds to the portrayal of disconnect between the two characters. At times the poem is iambic, but fails to be consistently so. A reflection of this is that Mattie’s employerShow MoreRelatedBlack Naturalism and Toni Morrison: the Journey Away from Self-Love in the Bluest Eye8144 Words   |  33 Pagespostmodernism with its emphasis on race, class and gender, but the theory of naturalism as well: the idea that one s social and physical environment s can drastically affect one s nature and potential for surviving and succeeding in this world. In this article, I will explore Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I will propose that because Morrison s novels are distinctly black and examine distinctly black issues, we must expand or deconstruct the traditional

The Development of a Code of Ethics in Information Technology

The reading that was investigated consisted of an article from Dr. Rochelle Brooks entitled â€Å"The Development Of A Code Of Ethics An Online Classroom Approach To Making Connections Between Ethical Foundations And The Challenges Presented By Information Technology†. Brooks (2010) studies the ethical challenges that are prevalent in the Information Technology (IT) field. Furthermore, Brooks (2010) examines how workers in the Information Technology filed should have lucid ethical policies to adhere to along with taking an in-depth look at how as a society we can be proactive in eliminating ethical dilemmas by early education of our young adults. This paper examines three key areas, which are as follow: societal ethical changes caused by†¦show more content†¦Brooks (2010) says that recent topics such as discussions on nanotechnology, cloning of humans and animals, stem cell research, and highly potent medicine are all the results of additional alternatives, which a re available to our society. While, some of the alternatives above are still in the research and development sectors it is clear to see the influence of nanotechnology as it relates to micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) for the medical world. In essence, this nanotechnology is allowing the integration of sensors, electronic circuitry, and communication utilization on single silicon wafer which in enables the micro-electromechanical system device to talk to the brain. Webster (2010) says recent studies are beginning to validate that nanotechnology can be used to design a more effective implant which will mirror normal human limbs in terms of texture, movement, and functionality. Consider the question Brooks (2010) poses, which is, why is computer ethics always a topic of discussion. Computer ethics is a topic that one can debate because it is not a lucid subject. Conversely, with nanotechnology ethics the subject is equally un-lucid as computer ethics however, the examples and development that open to the public relates to noble causes such as allowing disabled people to be fully capable again. It is difficult to debate that topic because we all know humans that could take advantage of this.Show MoreRelatedEthical Issues Regarding Information Technology1638 Words   |  7 PagesEthical issues regarding the use of information technology are changing rapidly in our advancing modern society. Historically information technology had seen limited applications and impacts on society in general. More recently, however, this has been changing as information technology has become a part of nearly every business, and personal activity. I will discuss how Information technology has brought about significant societal ethical changes. Users of technology in society and business today needRead MoreAmerican Health Information Management Association Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Health Information Management Association, (AHIMA) Health Administrative Capstone November 10, 2010 Joining the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) benefits individuals and distinguishes them apart from others. AHIMA labels individual’s as competent, knowledgeable and committed to the association through quality healthcare delivery and quality information. 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I had great experience with my tutor Dr. Kyeong kang and t utorial members and best with my group members. I was an amazing life time experience of eight weeks and I tried my best to travel smoothly on this track. As I enrolled in ITPS subject I have learnt and grown from this subjects that I thought possible. As stated in the class the goal of learning this subject is to exposeRead MoreCode Of Conduct For A Behavioral Health Center1586 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Conduct for a Behavioral Health Center Shaquita Jefferson MHA622: Health Care Ethics Law Judy Roberts Ethical Code of Conduct for a Behavioral Health Center Clear Mind behavioral health center provides a wide range of excellent counseling and mental health services by well trained, qualified and licensed professionals. Clear Mind has been in operation since 1988. We serve over 20,000 children, adolescents, adults, seniors and their families annually. Ethical issues are prevalentRead MoreInformation Ethics Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Ethics The paper addresses theoretical and practical aspects of information ethics from an intercultural perspective. The recent concept of information ethics is related particularly to problems which arose in the last century with the development of computer technology and the internet. A broader concept of information ethics as dealing with the digital reconstruction of all possible phenomena leads to questions relating to digital ontology. Following HeideggersRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics1073 Words   |  5 PagesFongos Computer Solution (FCS) Code of Ethics A code of ethics is a business document outlining professional standards expected of all company employees and representatives. Although it may address internal conduct, it primarily centers on what is expected of workers when engaged in customer-centric activities. 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Identifying and Assisting Students at Risk

Question: Discuss about the Identifying and Assisting Students at Risk. Answer: Introduction: Sally is high school student of Belleview State High School. Sally is the 14-year-old student. She has been always a sincere and intelligent student. She lives with her younger brother and father. Her mother has divorce in a recent year. As a result, she has depressed. Her physical and mental presence at classroom is not appropriate in recent days. The class teacher and other school officials are really concerned about her health and they wanted to have met with her father. Unfortunately, teachers have not met with her father yet because her father has the pressure of work with busy schedule. The teachers are worried that Sally is having family or financial problem so she is not performing good enough in the classroom. In recent days, Sally had left her group of friends without a single reason. Nowadays she is not making communication with her friends or teacher which is totally different and shocking scenario to the school authority. Sally is not completing homework and assignment w hich is surprising to her subject teachers. When teacher asked her to tell the reason for not completing assignments given deadline than she quickly replies Whats the big deal?' This is not important anyway. At present, she has caught by teacher with her teary eyes. Meanwhile, whenever the teacher asked her to tell the issue she refused to say about the issue. Teachers are worried that she will lose her grade in the upcoming examination so as they decided to meet with her parents. On the other hand, teachers did not know about her parent's divorce. She still loves her mother. Meanwhile, her mother is planning to shift in another city along with her new boyfriend. Maybe this issue is costing her mental and emotional strength. Her behaviour has totally changed with her family issue which is impacting her classroom performance. The school authority went to child and youth mental health centre to love this issue. The case manager forms child and youth mental health centre did interview with Sally's father Mr. Parker. The case manager asked everything to MR. Parker. Her father told in an interview that Sally has totally changed she is fighting with me and her younger brother. Unfortunately, her father told the case manager that her mother is responsible for the depression. He told to a case manager that she had left the family since 3 years and recently she had left the town with her boyfriend. Her father explained that he always worked hard to take care of his family but it is not working. Sally always loved her mother and she is emotionally sensitive. Her mother could have saved her from depression he told to case manager. After the phone conversation, the case manager invited her father to meet and he accepted. English teacher Mr. Long interviewed Sally and he found that she is having financial and family issue after hearing her words. Sally told to English teacher that she does not have enough food and groceries at home meanwhile her father is really working hard. Mr. Lockrose is the math teacher who took interview of Sally. Costigan et al. (2013) opined that the impending review and medical check up program help the school to improve the mental and physical fitness of students effectively. He found that she had emotionally hurt as a result she had failed to perform up to her level in mathematics subject. Mr. Noble is guidance officer who found after the interview that Sally has emotionally stressed because of her parent's separation. He mentioned that her father is also not caring her properly because she is wearing jumpers during summer. Identifying major risk and protective factor Sally has been affected by the family's current status. Her parents have been separated 3 years ago it has hampered her mental and emotional presence in the classroom and home. She has kept the distance with her close friends in recent days. Meanwhile, she is hanging out with the group of new friends which do pot smoking during weekends. Her subject teacher including maths and English teacher firstly noticed her in class. They found that she has become irresponsible and casual in the classroom. They also found that she is always crying while sitting in the classroom. As a consequence, they told the school authority about this critical issue. After sometimes school authority tried to communicate with her father MR Parker but he failed to respond. School authority tried to personally interview her about her issue. They found she does not have enough food to eat in the house. They were shocked and concerned about her financial and emotional stress. Carey, Tai Stiles, (2013) opined that it is the primary duty of parents to take care of their children's. Any kind of neglected can harm the physical and mental strength of the children. In this case, father is also responsible along with her ex-wife. Mr Parker could have saved her from her current critical mental issue. He was busy with his work and hadn't noticed her daughter carefully, as a result, her emotional and mental strength collapsed in social and educational life. Meanwhile, Sally's teacher identified her mental and emotional issue and they tried to inform about her father. Unfortunately, Mr. Parker did not receive the call on time so as her health became poor. In this case, her mother is the main reason for Sally's depression. She never communicates with her children. Meanwhile, children always loved their mother more than the father. Her behaviour has totally changed because of her mother's unethical attitude towards her family. Stephenson, Karanges McGregor (2013) mentioned that the manager from Child And Youth Mental Health Centre can help the school authority and family to solve the mental illness and emotional issues. This department helps the school authority and father to improve the mental fitness of against Sally. Proper caring and guardianship is the key way to protect the children from physical and mental diseases. More specifically, it is the responsibility of the school authority to identify the reasons reason for student's failure or poor grade in school. In this case school authority successfully identified the threatening issues with her student Sally. Medical checkups program at home and school is the best way to prevent the children from physical and mental diseases. Theoretical model Social cognitive theory model: Social cognitive theory model would be effective in this case. This theory influences the behaviour of the persons in social, educational and professional life. Emotional strength of the person is affected by the social and family negligence. In this case, Sally has been mentally collapsed because of poor guardianship and parental separation. In particular, mental strength of the person is depending on the social and environmental context. Social cognitive model is essential for establishing high self-esteem. Corrieri et al. (2014) mentioned that the health of a person is easily affected by the familys issue and social issue. It is effective enough to say that physical and mental health of the person is based on his surrounding including friends and family. Sally was depressed because she got emotionally hurt with parent's separation. She could not control her emotion; as a result, she poorly performed in the examination. This theory would help her guardian and school authority to understand her emotion. On the other hand, this theory does not give guarantee that health of the patients will improve because mental health becomes serious issues sometimes so as medical treatment requires. Overall social cognitive model is crucial to overcoming mental and emotional threats. However implementing mental and social health care could help the educational institution and family to remove the threat of mental and emotional issues. The behavioural theory would also be appropriate in this case to remove the life-threatening issue which is mental illness. Part B: Assessment Considering the function of Sally's behaviour Sally is behaving in an unethical way because she has emotionally hurt. During classroom study, she is not able to make mental presence because of inner distress. She started crying when subject teacher delivers speech in the classroom. Eventually, the subject teacher noticed her with her crying face and they tried to know the real reason behind it. She used to get irritate when the teacher asks questions or tried to communicate with her. Whiteford et al. (2014) stated that the identifying the current mental and physical status of a student is crucial for ensuring good health of students. When teacher asked why she is not making proper attention in the classroom then she replied Whats the big deal?' This is not important anyway. This reply shocked the English teacher and he decided to meet her parents. The English teacher wanted to tell her parents that she has become irresponsible and casual after hearing her reply. The teacher made the phone call to her father but he did not receive the call because of his busy working schedule and casual behaviour. On the other hand, mathematics teacher got shocked while talking with Sally. She replied she does not have enough food and groceries to eat in the house. After that, teacher consulted with school's higher authority about her current critical status. School authority consulted with Case Manager from Child and Youth Mental Health Centre. The case manager made the phone call to her father about this issue. The mathematics teacher found that her parents are separated 3 years ago so as she has mentally collapsed. Her father told to case manager that she is not behaving like her daughter because of her ex-wife. He tried to tell all is happening because of her ex-mother. She has left her and she never talks with her children's. He also told that she is regularly fighting with her younger brother without having the reason. He told that Sally has slapped me and her younger brother many times in recent days. After the phone conversation case, manager invited her father to solve this issue effectively. He also convinced him that Sally would be fine after medical treatment. In this case, it has been identified that Sally has started talking with her close friends. In summer season she is wearing Jumpers which is pathetic. More specifically poor guardianship has caused her mental and physical health in recent times. Appropriateness and usefulness of the assessments on Sally Sally has been smuggled in last few months with her mental illness. Parent's separation has harmed her mental strength; as a result, she has failed to perform up to her level in the classroom. Proper care has been taken by the school authority and father to ensure her mental fitness. The case manager from Child and Youth Mental Health Centre has issued certain guidelines to the teachers and her father for improving her fitness. The father is taking appropriate action to overcome this issue. Meanwhile, her mother is not concerned about what has happened to her. Sally is always known as the emotionally sensitive girl in her family or friends but in recent days she has become totally different. Some medical guidelines have been provided by the case manager to ensure her mental and emotional fitness. In particular, Sally blames herself for parent's separation which is not true. Teachers and father are really concerned about her current mental illness. The case manager is desperately trying to solve this case. The effort of teachers and case manager is appropriate and commendable in this case. Kashdan Ciarrochi (2013) opined that the implementation of the legislative law could ensure the healthy atmosphere at the workplace and home. Parents play essential role in the mental and physical growth of their children's. Before separation, they should think about their children's. Otherwise, it could harm their mental strength same as Bally's case. Assessment by the teachers and case manager would help the Sally to remove her mental illness in an effective manner. Wand et al. (2012) mentioned that it is very much pivotal that school authority and parents should take care of their students or children's. Identifying the real issue behind mental and physical illness is an achievement for the school in this case. After sudden treatment, the patients can be fine. Assessment is necessary for the every field of our life either it is education or social life. Separation has reduced her mental and physical strength in this case as a result Sally is not performing in the classroom up to her level. So as it is effective enough to say that medical assessment is crucial to ensure fitness and well-being of the society. Considering assessment techniques, instruments and investigations to gather useful information in this case Determining the level of care and level of responsibility is crucial for knowing the current status of the patients in every field professional and non-professional field. Campbell et al. (2013) opined that in this case mental health of patients could have been improved if there was the level of care and responsibility by the father. In this case, personal interview and the telephonic interview is an appropriate way to collect useful information. The mathematics teacher has successfully found the information regarding Sally's mental illness after having a personal interview. He found that she doesn't have enough food to eat at home. The teacher is really concerned about her current status then he decided to make the call with her father. Unfortunately, her father did not receive the call because of his busy working schedule. In particular, implementing review and assessment scheduling can help the school and other business house to identify the current physical status. According to Paul et al. (2013) mental health act, it is necessary that every school and business houses should ensure the health and fitness of their students or employees. Review system helps the organization to know the mental and physical status of their employees. Useful information by review system would help the school and organization to provide medical therapy for ensuring the growth of students and school. Epstein, Peake Medeiros (2014) mentioned that the school authority should implement problem domain for solving the mental and physical issue of the student. It will also help the school to collect crucial information regarding student's mental or physical illness. Barnes Rowe (2013) opined that the assessments techniques and investigation process helps the school to collect medical information or data to ensure the growth of students and educational value. On the other hand, regular communication with parents including, telephonic interview and personal interview would help the school authority or teachers to collect relevant information for maintaining the growth of educational value along with students. Conclusion: In this case, the researcher has evaluated the identification and assessment procedure regarding the mental health of Sally. The school authority has identified the issue with the student named Sally. She has struggled in the classroom with her poor mental presence. The teacher made telephonic conversation with her father. After consulting with case manager the school authority able to know that she was depressed because of her family issue. Her parents divorced 3 years ago that's why she has mentally struggled. After the study, it can be said that proper guardianship and proper care is essential for maintaining the mental and physical growth of the child. Assessment technique helps the schools to collect relevant information regarding their student's current mental and physical status. Reference List : Barnes, M., Rowe, J. (2013). Child, youth and family health: Strengthening communities. Elsevier Health Sciences. Campbell, M. A., Slee, P. T., Spears, B., Butler, D., Kift, S. (2013). Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. School Psychology International,34(6), 613-629. Carey, T. A., Tai, S. J., Stiles, W. B. (2013). Effective and efficient: Using patient-led appointment scheduling in routine mental health practice in remote Australia. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(6), 405. Corrieri, S., Heider, D., Conrad, I., Blume, A., Knig, H. H., Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2014). School-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety in adolescence: A systematic review. Health promotion international, 29(3), 427-441. Costigan, S. A., Barnett, L., Plotnikoff, R. C., Lubans, D. R. (2013). The health indicators associated with screen-based sedentary behavior among adolescent girls: a systematic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), 382-392. Epstein, I., Peake, K., Medeiros, D. (2014). Clinical and research uses of an adolescent mental health intake questionnaire: What kids need to talk about. Routledge. Kashdan, T. B., Ciarrochi, J. (Eds.). (2013). Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being. New Harbinger Publications. Paul, C. L., Carey, M. L., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., Houlcroft, L. E., Turon, H. E. (2013). The impact of web-based approaches on psychosocial health in chronic physical and mental health conditions. Health education research,28(3), 450-471. Stephenson, C. P., Karanges, E., McGregor, I. S. (2013). Trends in the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2000 to 2011.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 74-87. Wand, T., White, K., Patching, J., Dixon, J., Green, T. (2012). Outcomes from the evaluation of an emergency departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based mental health nurse practitioner outpatient service in Australia. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 24(3), 149-159. Whiteford, H. A., Buckingham, W. J., Harris, M. G., Burgess, P. M., Pirkis, J. E., Barendregt, J. J., Hall, W. D. (2014). Estimating treatment rates for mental disorders in Australia. Australian Health Review, 38(1), 80-85.

Perceptions of Young Prisoners an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Perceptions of Young Prisoners This study investigates the perceptions of young people incarcerated in two different types of facilities, juvenile detention centers and adult prisons. The author of this study analyzed data collected by another researcher, but the details of the original investigation are provided in a way that would facilitate replication of the original study. The author hypothesized that young people in juvenile facilities would recognize the increased focus on rehabilitation and treatment provided by detention facilities when responding to a number of interview questions. The results did not support this hypothesis because young prisoners expressed a more positive view of the services provided in adult prisons compared to juvenile detention centers. Need essay sample on "Perceptions of Young Prisoners" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Kupchik utilized an interesting analysis strategy to assign rankings to largely qualitative interview statements. From their statements, quantitative values were placed on the availability of services. These values were termed indexes and included a measure of institutional services offered, staff mentorship, and fairness. These indexes represented the dependent variables for this study. The independent variable was the type of facility where the youth was housed (i.e. adult or juvenile). Five different facilities were surveyed to ensure that the study would represent a comparison of adult versus juvenile programs rather than merely a comparison between two prison settings. It should also be noted that this study aimed to investigate what youth offenders perceived rather than actual availability of services in these facilities. From an objective perspective, the juvenile detention centers offered several more rehabilitative, counseling, and drug treatment programs. This study faced a number of potential ethical barriers to reach a useful decision. Finding privacy in a jail to conduct interviews was certainly a challenge. Confidentiality was not fully achieved for some participants because it was necessary for a guard to remain close by for the protection of the researcher. Prisoners are considered a vulnerable population due to their lack of access to a number of basic decisions. Some argue that prisoners are more influenced to participate in a research study because even additional freedom from a cell or the opportunity to converse with a new individual is a motivating incentive. Because this study did not present any potentially harmful experiences to the young prisoners, it's ethical soundness is easily defended. Researchers must often take additional steps to receive approval to conduct investigations in prison settings, but this study illustrates the need for a better understanding of the incarcerated youth population. Kupchik's findings m otivate the need for future research to uncover the reason why young offenders seem to overlook the stated goals of juvenile facilities. This misperception may lead to decreased participations in these programs that are designed to aid their rehabilitation. The limitations of this study provide further ground for future studies. The sample could be considered one of convenience because 5 prison and detention centers in the area that agreed to participated were surveyed. A more representative sample of prisoners is needed because very few Caucasian prisoners were interviewed. A larger sample size is also needed to generalize results. With only 95 prisoners surveyed across 5 facilities, there's a higher likelihood for individual participant and facility differences to contaminate the results. Overall, these limitations are relatively minor and do not cloud the applied value of these findings to this population. Incarcerated young people do not perceive the availability of services that the juvenile system aims to provide. References Kupchik, A. (2007) The correctional experiences of youth in adult and juvenile prisons. Justice Quarterly: 24(23), 247-270.

Mark Twain Celebration Essays - Mark Twain, Lecturers,

Mark Twain Celebration Mark Twain Mark Twain is probably the greatest American author to ever live. His style of writing changed the world forever. Before Mark Twain everyone wrote on serious topics. Twain was the first American to write comedys. People liked him because never bofore had their been an author who actually could make the reader laugh. Many people wonder how Mark Twian has become the greatest American author. Dr. Elliot Engle says Englands best writer, William Shakesphere, wrote over thirty-five wonderful plays. Mark Twain wrote only seven stories. Most of his stories are about kids. The one story that makes Mark Twain such a great author is the "immortal Huckleberry Finn." Dr. engle claims that this book will always be an American classic. Mark Twain was born 1835 in a small Missouri town called Hannibal. His birth name was Sammuel Langhorne Clemens. He used the name Mark Twain during his professional carrer. "Twain drew on his boyhood along the Mississippi River for many of the characters and incidents in his work."(Benets) It was obvious that Twain did not like his home state for Missouri. Once he left, "He never returned"(Dr. Engle). Engle also says that he called his home state "Misery", instesd of Missouri. During his childhood, Twain's family was not very rich. His father was an unsuccssful lawyer from Virgina. Mark Twains days in school did not last very long because he dropped out. The first job that Twain got was working for the newspaper in Hannibal. This job was the worst in the town(DR. Engle). Every mourning he had to wake up at 4:30 to be at work by 5:00. When he got to work he had to chop wood to warm-up the office, wake the editor, cook the editors breakfast, pick-up the editors mess, and finally mop the floors. This was the eaisest part of his job. Hannibal did not have a typewriter to type the words onto the paper with, so Twain had to stamp every letter onto the paper. He never could find the letter he was looking for because the drunk janitor,who woked their, always was stamps in the wrong spot. So before every letter he put on the paper, Twain would have to look to make sure it was the correct one.

Competitive Environment of M.I.C.E Tourism in Vietnam Essays

Competitive Environment of M.I.C.E Tourism in Vietnam Essays Competitive Environment of M.I.C.E Tourism in Vietnam Essay Competitive Environment of M.I.C.E Tourism in Vietnam Essay The Five Forces model of Porter will be applied in this part ?Bargaining power of customers Although there are some strong competitors are also providing M. I. C. E, the market in the North is joined by very few players. Therefore, the choices for Northern customer are somewhat limited. Despite the fact that they may come to Saigontourist of FidiTour in the South but it seems to be no convenient and cost effective. Hence, the bargaining power of customers in the market for NACI is at moderate level. It is also notable that for M. I. C. E tours, customers are more likely to come back for more if they satisfied, so that brand loyalty exists. As the result, the company should try to provide the customer with the value they demand and together with reasonable post purchase services, NACI may win their hearts. ?Bargaining power of suppliers In the context of an M. I. C. E tour, the suppliers would be ticket providers, transportation companies, and some related services providers. The number of these players is not small. Therefore, company can have many options when deciding these suppliers (most of them) and the cost of switching is not quite significant. On the other hand, some suppliers have relatively high power. For example, if NACI order the flights from Vietnam Airlines, and due to some economic influences; they may change the faire and the company still has to take the price even when they cannot renegotiate with customers about the changes in transportation cost. Therefore, the bargaining power of suppliers over NACI may vary due to the type of services/ products they provide to the company. Threats of new entrants Vietnamese Government tried to promote the country as the destination for tourism; they even paid nearly $280 thousand for an advertisement on CNN about Vietnamese attractions (Vietnam Travel, Vietnam tours with foot prints, 2008). Also in the focus point, the development of M. I. C. E is encouraged by government policies. Although the demand for this type of tour is increasing s teadily, the market is still very new and very promising. However, as the matter of fact, any tourism company want to offer and operate an adequate M. I. C. E tour would be required to have high investment in term of infrastructure, distribution network, relationship, etc. Besides, since the business of M. I. C. E is B2B type, the customers (business clients) are more likely to come again if they satisfy with the value the received. By building up this relationship, business customers can have higher certainty on what they paid for. And brand loyalty exists. Therefore, the market is still open for new players, but not anyone can become new entrants. One must have strong financial situation and expertise to compete in the industry. Threats of substitutes The feature of the M. I. C. E tours is gathering customers in one location in a combined package including business and entertainment activities; and customers may come from different places. Therefore, there are no other tours that have similar functions in the industry; and company will not have to worry about the threats of direct substitutes. On the other hand, due to the hard conditi on of economic, many companies and organization might want to cut the cost, while the expenditure of activities in M. I. C. E tours can be quite significant. Hence, these companies might think of using advance of information technology instead of using the traditional M. I. C. E tour. That technology is called voice IP it allows people to talk and even see each other over the internet from different locations. By using it, people can still holding virtual conferences without gathering in a real physical place. The advantage of this technology is lower cost, more convenient. However, people will not have the entertainment elements as in the traditional way; besides, virtual communication does not ave effect like a face to face one. Therefore, this is somewhat possible but not clearly a substitute ?Competitive rivalry within the industry Main operation areaStrengths achievements SaigontouristSouth VietnamHave been doing business for more than 30 years, The name Saigontourist have become well-known in the industry, and they are considered as one of the largest tourism companies in Vietnam. Being a member in the M. I. C. E Vietnam is also on e of their advantages in the market. FiditourSouth VietnamEstablished in 1989, known as Tan Dinh Trade Travel Service Co, they have good experiences and commerce support. Fiditour is also a big tourism company which name is known in some oversea countries. CITESouth VietnamEstablished in 1999, Best Travel Agency Indochina 2008 rewarded by Travel Weekly (Asia) Although there are some tourism company in the North of Vietnam are providing tours that have some features of M. I. C. E, however, none of them were able to offer the full package to customers. Comparing to the Southern competitors, its parent company is also well established and owing a wide relationship network. Besides, the company itself will have a five star resort being completed in year 2008. And one important thing is that NACI’s main operation area is focus on the North of Vietnam while the other three big competitors are doing business a little far away in the South. Hence, it would be reasonable to have a positive thinking that the market in the North is still open for NACI to launch this new tour.

Dance history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dance history - Assignment Example Sergei Diaghilev, the Great Russian impresario, is responsible for the commissioning of avant-garde musical artists into creating designs stage and costumes. He first settled in France where he formed a dance company called ‘Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo’ (Carter 17). His ballet dance is presented as one of the initial moves that avant-garde composers, writers, and painters join forces in creating a ballet. The revelation in this case is that Cunningham is both a great collaborator and a terrific partner in dancing. Further, the collaborative process continues changing as he ages and the physical limitations hit in (Carter 34). Other than originating their choreography through living and breathing dancers, they formulate dances through the manipulation of onscreen and computer-generated individuals. Many audiences feel that such a retreat across the direct involvement adds a level of difficulty to Cunninghams ballet collaborative process. In the original Rite of Spring by Nijinsky, the primary emphasis of the classical ballet dancer is on aspects of legwork even as there is simultaneous maintenance of upright carriage. For Cunningham’s Camera Beachbirds, the aspect begins presenting how Cunningham is utilizing elements regarding the expressive and the classical. Cunningham broadens this scope of expressive upper body of the dancer while integrating the motions with the footwork for classical ballet dancers. In Rite of Spring by Tero Saarinen, a number of dancers are within their initial studio areas as they turn or jump in place. Subsequent dancers run in alternate directions based on the stationary dancers while running and skipping across studio space (Carter 23). Within a number of specified points, there are elements of dancing looking similar to the previous pirouettes. In other of his pieces, Cunningham’s dancers develop extensive lateral movements that cover major areas for stage space as they both walk and run. Cunningham also

Strategy for Call Centre Development Assignment

Strategy for Call Centre Development - Assignment Example Based on these considerations, this paper shall outline how a fully functional call centre could be implemented; including equipment use and usage of technologies alongside costs.   This paper is being conceptualized for NUI Galway which is a third level educational institution with 15,000 + students and a staff of about 500 with many different departments. First and foremost, it is important to consider the labour pool for the call centre. This labour pool would trigger the decision on where to set the call centre up. The decision on where to pluck the labour pool for technical support should be based on labour availability in the area where Galway is located, the labour competition, the educational level of potential agents, and appropriate wages for potential agents (Copito, 2000). It is also important to consider geographical factors, cost of living, quality of schools, transportation and similar factors affecting the labour pool. After duly considering and establishing particular qualities which the company would need from its technical support agents, potential locations and areas where the labour pool would be recruited can be set forth. Next, Galway also needs to decide whether it would own or lease property for its call centre (Copito, 2000). Leasing or owning property would now be based on the availability of resources within Galway’s resources. If a property is currently available for it to set-up its call centre, then there would be no need to lease property. The infrastructure involved in the call centre property should, however, be set-up in such a way as to meet the needs of the agents (Copito, 2000). In effect, the area should also house a place where the agents can park, eat, relax, and where they can avail of their immediate needs. Parking space is an important accommodation for the property because the most of the employees would be working night shifts and public transport would likely not be available to them (Copito, 2000). Parking should be on the ground level and should be outside to reduce the cost of accommodating indoor parking areas.                 

Rodney King Essay Example for Free

Rodney King Essay Initially, I did not have that much knowledge of the Rodney King beating. I have heard of the event on multiple occasions and the brutality that came about after the trial verdict. I only had knowledge of King being an African American man who was beaten by white officers. I didnt know he was speeding and that it led to a police chase. As to the riots, I had known of the protests and the violent outbreaks against the verdict of the officers. Hearing of Los Angeles people stand up against such a aye as Kings gave me a good feeling. I strongly disagree with any form of prejudice acts and knowing that people from such a mixed city stood against it as well made me happy. Because of my little knowledge of such an event In Californias history, I think that It was In Anna Deveare Smiths mind that years later, young kids will not know about Rodney King. using a stance such as people that were actually involved in riots or effected by them or Just knew about the events because they lived in LA is such a throng point of view to see. Reading real words that people spoke and see them portrayed on stage would be so much more effective than any fictional play that Smith could have thought of in the first place. She captured the events of through peoples words, different ethnicities and backgrounds at that, and that is something that history books could never show. Twilights recognition that we must reach across ethnic boundaries Is simple but true.

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Recent Developments in Oxidation Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Systems Katrin Abrahams (Dated: February 3, 2015) For safer and faster space vehicles a reduction of the tipradius of the leading edges is inevitable. This leads to temperatures exceeding 2200  °C which the used material has to withstand. ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC have suitable properties, but the oxidation resistance and fracture toughness at high temperatures have to be improved. This review describes the recent approaches to handle these problems that base mainly on the addition of a third material (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). The addition of either La2O3 or Gd2O3 led to increased oxidation resistance, but the processing, the amount of additive and the testing methods have to be improved. Due to the addition of graphite à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes the fracture toughness of ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) increased from 1. INTRODUCTION The Thermal Protection System (TPS) of space ve ­hicles is one of the most important parts of the whole vehicle [1–3]. This protects it from the heating during re-entry. During this process the temperatures are very high, especially at the nose cone and leading edges as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Temperature proà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ le of a space vehicle during re ­entry prepared by the NASA. The dark red colour represents the highest temperatures and the light blue regions are coolest parts (copied from [4]). The tip of the leading edge has a radius of 10 cm, but a radius in the range of millimetres is wished so that sharp leading edges instead of blunt leading edges can be used [5]. This would have the advantage to â€Å"help reduce the vehicles drag, enhance maneuverability and performance, and also improve safety due to an increased cross-range-capability† [5]. The problem of a smaller tip radius is that this leads to higher surface temperatures, which can exceed 2000  °C [6, 7]. Jin et al. [8] investigated the maximum surface tempera ­ture depending on the radius of the tip using an oxyacety ­lene torch. Fig. 2 shows that the temperature increases from 1930  °C with a radius of 1.5 mm to 2100  °C with the radius of 0.15 mm. Due to the high requirements for these materials only a few can be considered. Very good potential for the usage show Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTC). These are ceramic materials with high melting points (> 3000  °C), good thermal shock resistance and chem ­ical and mechanical stability e.g. ZrB2, ZrC, HfB2 or HfC [6, 9, 10]. Although the carbides have a higher melt ­ing point than the diborides, their thermal conductivity is lower, which is very important because the heat on the surface has to be transported as fast as possible away [5]. Therefore the main focus of research is on ZrB2 and HfB2. The problem with these diborides is their brittleness and their oxidation at temperatures exceeding 1200  °C [11]. To fabricate a more ductile material SiC was added to ZrB2 or HfB2 [12]. Although ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC are promising materi ­als for the usage in TPS, there are still two main problems which have to be solved. On the one hand side there is still the problem with the oxidation resistance at higher temperatures [11, 13]. On the other hand the fracture toughness decreases with the temperature to rather low values which also leads to mechanical problems [14]. This review gives an overview over solution attempts that have been made in the last years, with the main focus on ZrB2/SiC. 2. OXIDATION RESISTANCE The oxidation resistance of MeB2/SiC (Me = Zr, Hf) depends on the ratio of MeB2/SiC [10, 15], the pres ­sure [10, 16, 17], the temperature [18], the exposure time [19], on the processing [20, 21] and in case of the addition of additives also on their chemical structure and the amount of additive [22, 23]. Considering just ZrB2, the following happens during ox ­idation [24]: The liquid B2O3 forms a protection layer for the porous ZrO2 layer, where oxygen can dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use very fast and easily through. But at 1100  °C this protective layer evaporates and cannot prevent the oxidation of the bulk material anymore. The addition of SiC leads to the following additional re ­actions [10, 25, 26]: During oxidation four dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent layers can form (Fig. 3). Above the bulk material the SiC depleted zone forms, where SiC oxidizes to SiO2 which forms a borosilicate (BS) glass on the surface. This layer is porous due to the formation and evaporation of CO (Eq. (2)). Above this layer there is the oxidized layer, which consists of porous ZrO2 and the upper layer is the Silica rich layer which consist of the BS glass, that also à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lls partly the pores of the ZrO2 layer. Due to the evaporation of B2O3, the protection layer is shrinking over time and shows an oxidation resistance up to 1600  °C [24, 26]. In general the oxidation resistance is measured by the thickness of the reaction zone under the given parameters of the experiment. But also the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of O2 is important but rarely measured. 2.1. Ratio ZrB2/SiC The dependency of the oxidation resistance on the ra ­tio of ZrB2/SiC was investigated by many researchers [10, 12, 15, 27–29]. The addition of SiC led in all cases to a re ­duction in grain size, a homogeneous distribution of SiC, higher viscosity and higher density. Karlsdottir et al. [29] investigated not only the reaction Figure 3: Schematic demonstration of the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent layers that form during oxidation of ZrB2/SiC and their arrangement. zone thickness but also the viscosity depending on the volume fraction of SiC. The results are shown in Table I and an increase in viscosity with the amount of SiC can be seen. This reduces the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of O2 in the layer. Seong et al. [10] compared ZrB2, ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%), ZrB2/SiC (30 vol%) and ZrB2/SiC (40 vol%) and mea ­sured the resulting thickness of the reaction zone. All samples were densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed by hot pressing and exhibit a ho ­mogeneous distribution of SiC. The grain sizes were be ­tween 1.0  µm and 3.0  µm. They investigated the oxi ­dation under low and high pressure and the results are shown in Figure 4. The SiC depletion layer did not form and therefore the reaction zone consisted only of the Silica rich layer and the oxidized zone. In air (2âˆâ€"104 Pa) the thickness of the reaction zone was in ZrB2 the thickest due to the missing protecting silica layer and with increasing amount of SiC the thickness de ­creases. The problem with high amounts of SiC (30 vol%) is, that it does not form single grains anymore, but in ­stead a network, which leads to higher porosity. Under low pressure the behaviour is vice versa. Because the space shuttle has to deal with low and normal pressure ZrB2/SiC with 20 vol% or 30 vol% SiC is the best choice. Apart from the improvements of oxidation resistance due to optimization of the ZrB2/SiC ratio, at temper ­atures above 1800  °C active oxidation (Eq. (4)) of SiC takes place and this hinders the formation of the BS layer. 2.2. Additives To increase the oxidation resistance at higher temper ­atures transition metals were added to the ZrB2/SiC ma ­trix [21, 30–32]. They are suitable due to their high melt ­ing points and low reactivity with the environment [30]. The transition metal cations can be enclosed in the BS layer to form a higher viscous layer that decreases O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion [11]. Furthermore this may lead to a higher evaporation point of the protective layer so that the ma ­terials are stable at T > 2000  °C. This is based on an assumption, the mechanism how the transition cations interact with ZrB2 and SiC is not understood yet but in general a positive trend to higher oxidation resistance can be seen [11]. Several attempts were made with many dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent transi ­tion metal oxides [9, 30], borides [11, 33], carbides [21, 31] and silicates [32]. This review focuses on La2O3 and Gd2O3 because they are the most promising additives and introduce two dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent processing methods that ef ­fect the properties [30]. 2.2.1. Addition of La2O3 The addition of La2O3 to ZrB2/SiC was investigated by several researchers and led to dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent results, espe ­cially various new phases were found [6, 9, 22, 23]. Ta ­ble II gives an overview over the composition, the pro ­cessing routes to densify the material and the new phases that were discovered. Although Table II shows many dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent results, gen ­eral trends due to the addition of La2O3 despite the usage of dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent processing routes (hot pressing, spark plasma sintering (SPS)) were observed [6, 22, 23]: †¢ Higher density Higher Vickers Hardness Reduction of grain sizes Besides the use of La2O3 leads to a more homogenized distribution of SiC, because it is always close to it and therefore prevents agglomeration [9]. In the case of fracture toughness there are contradictory statements: Li et al. [22] measured an increased fracture toughness compared to the material without additive and Guo et al. [23] published a lower fracture toughness due to the addition of La2O3. After hot pressing at 1900  °C for 60 min Li et al. [22] dis ­covered the formation of new phases: La2Zr2O7 (melting point: 2295  ± 10  °C [9]) and La2Si2O7 due to the follow ­ing reactions: 2ZrO2(s)+ La2O3(s) → La2Zr2O7(s) (5) 2SiO2(s)+ La2O3(s) → La2Si2O7(s) (6) La2Zr2O7 was also observed by Zapata et al. [6] and Jayaseelan et al. [9] but no other working group detected the formation of La2Si2O7. The addition of 10 wt% La2O3, densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed by SPS and oxidized for 1 h in air at 1600  °C led to the formation of two dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent oxidized layers [9]. On the surface a La ­BS-glass formed (Eq. (7)), below it two oxidized layers, one consisting of La2Zr2O7 (Eq. (5)) and the other one of ZrO2. SiO2 + La2O3 → La − BS − glass (7) The large expansion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of La2O3 causes à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lling of the pores that appear after the evaporation of B2O3 and therefore still protects the bulk material. The same composition and the same processing was used by Guo et al. [23] but they could not detect the new phases. Instead they found out that La2O3 reacts Table II: Overview over the composition (always ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) + the given amount La2O3), the processing route and the new phases that formed. amount La2O3 processing new phase 5 vol% hot pressing La2Zr2O7 (1900  °C, 60 min) La2Si2O7 3 vol% hot pressing La2O3-SiO2 (1900  °C, 60 min) 10 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1600  °C, 1 h, air) La-BS-glass 2 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1400  °C, 16 h, air) La-BS-glass with SiO2 to form La2O3-SiO2 as a protective layer. Further studies were made by Zapata et al. [6] who used less La2O3 (2 wt%). Due to the proximity of the La2O3 particles to the SiC particles they are also included in the BS melt whereby this results in a higher viscosity, a higher thermal stability and in general a better protec ­tion against O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion. The oxidation tests show that at 1400  °C the sample with La2O3 has a better oxidation resistance but at 1500  °C and 1600  °C it is worse. The reason is that because of the addition of La2O3 the BS layer has a higher viscos ­ity and therefore the ZrO2 particles cannot precipitate directly to the top of the surface layer. This leads to a more homogeneous mixing with the BS melt. The oxy ­gen dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion through ZrO2 is much easier than through B2O3 and therefore a homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 makes it easier for O2 to dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use through this layer, al ­though the La-BS-glass has a higher viscosity due to the addition of La2O3. Mo reover at 1600  °C ZrOxCy and SiOxCy form with dif ­ferent O/C ratios which were found in the BS melt and in the oxide layer [6]. This can be seen as another pro ­tection layer because when O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬uses into the oxidation layer it will react with ZrOxCy or SiOxCy, so it can be seen as a puà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬er zone and it takes longer until the oxygen reaches the bulk material. HfB2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ers from ZrB2 because the formation of HfO2 is more dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult [6]. Therefore a smaller amount is formed which leads to a lower amount of B2O3 and therefore a thinner protection layer compared to ZrB2. But it has the advantage that the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient for O2 through HfO2 is smaller. Another problem in the case of HfB2 is that SiC is not as homogeneously distributed as in ZrB2 and it forms large agglomerates. When these agglomerates become oxidized they leave behind a highly porous material where O2 can easily dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use throug h. This shows that further improvements are inevitable in a more homogeneous distribution, further analysis of the new formed phases must be made and the C/O ratio can Figure 5: Topview (a) and sideview (b) of the surface with the dimensions of the cavities for Gd2O3. oxidation layer was 15  ± 3  µm and formed in accordance with the following reaction equation [9]: 2Gd2O3(s)+2ZrO2(s) → Gd2Zr2O7(s) (8) Gd2O3(s)+ SiO2(s)+ B2O3(l) → Gd − BS − glass (9) The thickness of the layer below it was 160  µm and consisted mainly of porous ZrO2 due to the oxidation and evaporation of the glassy phase. The advantage of Gd-BS-glass compared to BS glass is the higher viscosity and therefore the reduced dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion of O2 through this coating. At higher Gd2O3 fractions Gd stops ZrO2 particles at the glassy phase and they cannot dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use further. This leads to O2 vacancies which is the driving force for inward O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion. Using a distance of 20  µm between the cavi ­ties, the Gd2O3 fraction is high enough to get a higher viscosity in the BS melt but ZrO2 can still precipitate so that no O2 inward dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion occurs. 3. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS In 2009 the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst tests were made to include graphite in the ZrB2/SiC matrix [34, 35]. Hu et al. [34] investigated the fraction of additive graphite to ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%). They found out that the addition of graphite led to a 1high dense material with an increasing fracture toughness be optimized. But the addition of La2O3 is already a from 4.5 MPam (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%)) to 6.1 MPam1 22 very promising approach for a better oxidation resistance although further research is necessary. 2.2.2. Addition of Gd2O3 For an improved surface and at the same time un ­changed bulk material a new processing method was in ­vented [11]: At à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst the sample was prepared and densi ­Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed using the bulk material ZrB2/SiC. Afterwards they used a laser to make equal sized cavities on the surface that were à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lled with Gd2O3 nanopowder. The dimen ­sions of the best sample can be seen in Fig. 5. Due to this new processing it was possible to create only a thin protection layer that consisted of BS mixed with Gd2O3 ( Eq. (9)). After 1 h in air under 1600  °C the thickness of the outer (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol% + graphite)). The dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences be ­tween 10 vol% and 15 vol% graphite were negligible small. Moreover there were investigations about the inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of the diameter size of the graphite à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes [36]. They found out that in the range of micrometres the diameter size does not change the fracture toughness. Asl et al. [14] used soft graphite nano-à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes. They found out that ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + graphite (10 vol%) showed a higher density than the samples without graphite. Furthermore the addition of graphite led to a decrease in grain size from 6.9  µm to 3.2  µm. The reason is the homogeneous distribution of graphite which stopped grain growth. Because of the reactions of graphite with the surface impurities the addition of graphite results in higher dense samples: ZrO2(s)+ B2O3(l)+5C(s) → ZrB2(s)+5CO(g) (10) The particles that form due to this reactions can à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ll the pores in the ZrB2/SiC matrix and therefore lead to a higher density. The resulting fracture toughness can be seen in Fig. 6. An increase in fracture toughness due to the addition of graphite is obvious. The following mechanisms led in this case to a higher fracture toughness: nano-à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes pull-out, crack bridging, branching and deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection. 1 Figure 6: Fracture toughness depending on the composition of the sample at RT [14]. Wang et al. [37] investigated the dependency of the fracture toughness of ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + 1 graphite (15 vol%) on the temperature in vacuum and in air (Fig. 7). Over the whole temperature range the fracture toughness in air was higher than that in vac ­uum. In vacuum the fracture toughness decreases from This oxidation layer densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ es with higher tempera ­ture and yields in higher fracture toughnesses than with ­out this layer. That is the reason why there is nearly no decrease in fracture toughness between 1200  °C and 1300  °C. Moreover crack deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection which absorbs the energy leads to higher fracture toughnesses at higher temperature. These mechanisms all result in a slower decrease in frac ­ture toughness in air than in vacuum. Figure 7: Fracture toughness depending on the environment and on the temperature [37]. 4. CONCLUSION The recent developments to improve the oxidation re ­sistance and the fracture toughness based mainly on the addition of a third component (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). Concerning the oxidation resistance, the best matrix composition is ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) because it shows the best oxidation protection over the whole range of O2 partial pressure. Above 1800  °C active oxidation of SiC begins and oxidation resistance is not given anymore. at 1300  °C because The approaches for a better oxidation resistance at higher ual thermal stresses between the ZrB2/SiC matrix and temperatures due to the addition of La2O3 or Gd2O3 arethe graphite inclusions are released. The residual stresses very promising, but more research to understand the real acted at low temperature as toughening mechanism and function of the additives and the interaction with the ma ­with the release of these stresses the fracture toughness trix is necessary. Furthermore there are many parameecreases. At 1300  °C the group observed a brittle to ductile trans ­formation which leads to a slight increase of fracture toughness. But afterwards the fracture toughness de ­creases further due to the distorted graphite and the larger ZrB2 grain sizes. In air at higher temperature the material starts to ox ­idize and a oxidation layer forms on the surface due to ters that have to be optimized, e.g the amount of ad ­ditive, the processing route and especially the analytical approaches. Due to the varying experimental parameters and insuà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient analytical tests it is dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult to compare results. To solve this problems standard tests have to be introduced and a wider temperature range for oxidation has to be investigated. The fracture toughness increased due to the addition of Eq. (1), (2) and the following reaction: graphite from 4.5 MPam to 7.1 MPam creases, but also this is slowed down due to the graphite tives, because extensive testing of the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent samples à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes. is missing. Especially tests under real atmospheric and Taken into account the oxidation resistance and the frac-re-entry conditions are important but not done yet. ture toughness it is dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult to announce the best addi ­

Discrimination on Blacks Essay

Thesis Statement: Many Americans cherish their country as a place of opportunities, but African Americans have experienced horrible things and have not been given the chance white Americans have, as others in this country. African Americans were freed from slavery by the 13th amendment of the constitution and the 14th amendment and let them be free but that did not mean they were given the same opportunities as other white people. But still in the 1960’s they were discriminated against because of the color of their skin. This means they were not allowed to go to the same school, movie theaters, restrooms, public facilities. Before the Civil War blacks were not allowed to read and write. Their white owners felt that if they became educated they would not want to be slaves. After slaves were freed in America the government had to decide how to share resources with blacks, In regard to education it was decided that African Americans had the right to an education however it was decided separate but equal was fine. This meant that schools were designed so black and white people were served but in separate areas or different locations. The problem was blacks and whites were not given the same buildings or resources, African Americans got much less. White’s believed that blacks were incapable of learning at an advanced level. In the 1960’s, 15 percent of African Americans had no schooling, and 48 percent had never gone beyond the fifth grade. The reason behind this was because African Americans were treated so horrible. They were called niggers, black monkeys and filthy trash. African Americans also get threats how if they came across town where whites were they would be burned or killed. The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States between 1876 and 1965. The Jim Crow law was to segregate African Americans and whites for the reason that blacks would not be in contact with the whites. One of the civil rights activists was Rosa Parks who was a African American who faced horrible discrimination. December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in a colored section for a white passenger because she felt that she should get equal rights. Another activist was Martin Luther King Jr. In 1963 on the Washington March Martin Luther King Jr. made a â€Å"I have a dream speech† where he talked about racial problems and discrimination.

Calveta Dining Services Essay

Calveta Dining Services, Inc.: Case Analysis Abstract Calveta Dining Services, Inc. was a $2 billion, privately held firm that managed food service operations for nearly 1,000 senior living facilities (SLFs) in the United States. It was built on Antonio Calveta’s passion for food and traditional family values. It made better food that was more nutritious for the residents of the SLFs whose current food budgets did not exceed. It also provided with not only higher-quality food but also more personalized service. Presently, Calveta Dining Services ran food services for 976 SLFs and employed 15,000 people. When Antonio retired from his 35 years of leadership, he named his eldest son, Frank, as the new CEO and was asked to double the company’s revenues within five years, of which 2 years have passed without any credible strategy adopted yet. He did not want to disturb the special company culture or risk their reputation for quality food services on the race to double the re venue. Now he finds it difficult to carry out his father’s directives. The humanistic and emphatically pro-employee company culture should not be disturbed while the growth strategy takes place. Currently, he is in a dilemma whether to expand beyond the SLF market and he is worried if he could continue to maintain the quality level, for which Calveta is renowned, in this process. Analysis In order to increase the revenue as promised to his father, Frank has to consider growth strategies for his organization. He has around three strategies in his mind and has to work on them to see which one brings the maximum benefit and fulfils his needs aptly. The strategies that he has in mind are either to continue in the existing situation itself or introduce it to the hospital segment. He also has thought of taking up Great Southwest Dining Service

A free essay on Memento Narrat essays

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The eNotes Blog Do Gorillas Use the Underground Railroad Children Making Meaning from AdultPuzzles

Do Gorillas Use the Underground Railroad Children Making Meaning from AdultPuzzles This weekend, NPRs This American Life  featured stories on Kid Logic. Over the course of the hour, Ira Glass introduced stories of children who tried to make sense of the many puzzles of the adult world. In one story, a little girls best friend discovers that her father is the Easter Bunny. Rather than putting two-and-two together, both little girls decide that the dad IS actually the Easter Bunny. Their parents go along with the ruse. But how would a child  know?  Do you assume that your parents are playing an elaborate prank on you? Especially when your whole culture is in on the joke? The story made me think of my own leaps of logic. As you might have guessed from the picture above, every time I heard guerrilla  warfare on   the news, I thought Planet of the Apes was at hand. While I have many of my own embarrassing stories,   I also asked my friends to contribute their own kid logic confessions. Here are some of my favorite. Please let us hear your stories as well! Ms.   Tubman to Platform 9 3/4s! A friend tells me that she thought the slaves used an actual, literal, underground railroad to make their escapes. How they constructed something so elaborate without being detected remains a mystery Whats all the fuss about Watergate? I thought Watergate referred to a dam of some sort. I can still see the same image in my mind. Who wants a nightcap? All those 70s shows when they would invite someone to stay for a nightcap.   I thought they were giving them an actual hat. In my head it looked like a Scrooge-style long nightcap. On Parting Gifts at the end of game shows: I  thought they ALL got turtle wax. I wanted some of that! Only, I didnt have a turtle. Kennedys Crisis Bay of Pigs? How many pigs fit in the Bay of Pigs? If the pigs could swim, the water must be really dirty. I wonder if Havertys has a showroom   I struggled with the term deathbedand considered that the bed was specifically bought for a person to lay down and die on. That creeped me out, and still does..such that I never bought a used bed. Whos That Girl? My mom loves to tell the story of me, around 7 or 8 years old, asking her, Who is this Polly Esther person, and why are you talking about her? I Still Wish I Was Right About This   I was told by a friends older sister that there would be a Cake Walk at my first-ever school carnival. I thought it would be a GIANT FOAM CAKE with a line across the middle. The game was to walk the line. If you diverged, youd fall into a pile of foam (like egg-crate foam) in the middle. If you made it all the way across, you won a real cake.  I was SO disappointed to discover what it really was. Finders Keepers I thought when a business was founded. that they had found it somewhere. Dont forget! We would love to hear your own tales of kid logic!

Community Field Visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Field Visit - Essay Example One distinct assessment relates with the area’s population—majority of citizens were decidedly African-Americans and Hispanic in origin. The implication that there is a relation of poor economic conditions and domination of darker-skinned residents can somehow hold a ground basis. Further explorations throughout the day revealed several outcomes. Similar with other cities, students and workers alike go on with their routine activities—going to their respected destination and coming home by the end of the day. As night time falls, however, depicts a different scenario. Groups of mixed young adult races, mainly African-American and Hispanics, prowled the streets of Orange City, each pursuing various habits—smoking and drinking, etc. In an article on Orange City (2004), statistics demonstrated that only a small percentage attained a college degree, while majority graduated in high school. Moreover, the crime index in the area by 2006 reached almost 13,000. The low academic attainment of residents may seem to contribute to its poor economic state, while high criminal rates had possibly scared off potential business investors—resulting in shortage of job opportunities and lack of income source. In a book by Kirst-Ashman and Hull (2009), one of the organizational models emphasized was the need to identify targets for change in community settings. Targeting for change, as emphasized by Sheafor and Horejsi (2006), â€Å"provides direction for the leader and followers† (as cited in Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2009, p. 83). In this case, a specific group (African-American young adults), are likely to be the identified targets in need of change. Clearly, the presence of economic deprivation, where there is â€Å"inadequate or unjust access to financial resources†¦such as job discrimination, unemployment, insufficient work benefits† can be applied basing from the situation presented (Kirst-Ashman & Hull,

Employee Relations System in Singapore and Eire Essay

Employee Relations System in Singapore and Eire - Essay Example In addition, it should also be flexible. (Schregle, 1981) There are certain theories that will act as a background and baseline for this comparative analysis. The first one was brought forward by a human resource management author called Douglas McGregor. This author strongly believed in the power that the human being has within an organisation. He claimed that management is dependent on its employees just as the latter need the former. McGregor believed that management have the ability to determine whether or not their organisation was a success depending on how they chose to carry forward their management practices. The author came up with a human relations theory called theory Y. In this theory, he asserted that all employees have the capacity to change. Consequently, management should endeavour to match employee goals and objectives to the organisation. Since these employees were able to grow in terms of their capacity to handle greater responsibility and to grow position wise, management should try its best to match their overall developmental activities within the organisation to individual ones. Indeed, theory Y forms one of the major guidelines for good employee-relations-systems in any country. We will therefore use this as a sort of barometer to check on the legitimacy and appropriateness of the employee relations between the two countries under study. Another theory that will also serve as a backbone in the essay is the theory of the three S's as postulated by Bartlett and Ghoshal; where the three S's are strategy, systems and structures. In this theory, the two authors believed that management had the distinct and fundamental responsibility to come up with organisational strategy. This would lay the foundation for organisational structures within any one organisation. In this management system, more emphasis is placed on the importance of aligning employees to organisational behaviour. Adherents to this theory assert that human beings can be replaced and must therefore not be the focus in human resource management. This is why most activities are seen as a form of control and enforcement of discipline by employers towards their employees. Organisations and countries adhering to this theory are quite hierarchal. Beside this, their structures precede their strategies. (Bartlett and Sumantra, 1994) The latter theory is slowly phasing out. This has come after the realisation that the most useful resource within any company is its human resource. Employees have the ability to be creative and to apply knowledge appropriately to suite any given organisation. Consequently, there is a need to adopt a totally different approach to management. Most developed countries realise that there are no returns when the organisation places too much emphasis on controlling its employees because this only serves as backbone for conflicts. The better approach is to try and create a rich corporate culture and clearly defined organisational objectives. Besides this, employee relation systems are moving way from the need to

Serial Killer Belle Soren Gunness Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Serial Killer Belle Soren Gunness - Term Paper Example Belle Soren Gunness killed her victims in cold blood: boyfriends, suitors, husbands and two daughters, Lucy and Myrtle. The authorities at that time wondered what reasons might have motivated her to commit the crimes but after investigations and follow-ups, they established that her apparent motive of killing involved ripping people of their belongings such as collecting life insurance, cash, and valuables (Segrave, 1992). The secondary motive for killing involved the elimination of witnesses. She eventually disappeared on April 28, 1908. Gunness’ character and the nature of being are very strange throughout her biography. The place of her birth is not well established. In fact, her death has not been established as well. Her origins have been matters of debate. Most of her biographers have spoken and written contradicting stories with many claiming that she was born in 1859, November 11th in Norway near a lake called selbu. A stonemason named Paul Pedersen Storset fathered her and her mother was called Berit Olsdatter. Among her eight siblings, she was the youngest. They lived in a cotter’s farm 60 km southeast of a town called Trondheim, the largest city situated in central Norway. To matters that made her character change. According to Anne Berit Vestby, an Irish TV documentary journalist aired on September 4, 2006, that she had faced a very bad experience in her early life. In 1877, Gunness had attended a dance event when she was pregnant. While in the dance, she was attacked by a man, a stranger to her, who kicked her on the abdomen. This experience caused her miscarriage, and unfortunately, the man who hailed from a well-off family was never prosecuted (Schmid, 2005). What followed were series of deaths and arsons, crime and frauds that escalated over time. In 1884, she got married to Mads Albert Sorenson and they lived in Illinois. Shortly after the marriage, their home and store burned down and the claimed the insurance money which they were granted. Sorenson then died of what was perceived as heart failure. Strangely, this occurred on the day when his two life insurance policies had overlapped.

Endangered Animals should be protect Essay Example for Free

Endangered Animals should be protect Essay ‘Would you like to see humans becoming extinct after sometime? Animals are as important as humans and then how can we see animals extinct. Mahatma Gandhi (1956) had a quote which was ­Ã¢â‚¬ The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way animals are treated†. There are several animals who are on the line of becoming extinct. Animals that are on the line of extinction are called Endangered Animals. If the current Endangered animals became extinct then many resources that people use will also disappear. We should save Endangered Animals due to that animals maintain healthy ecosystem, and animals provide with food source and raw materials. Essentially, animals help maintain the healthy ecosystem. The ecosystem is the connected in chains known as food chains and food webs. If one of the animal becomes extinct the whole chain is disturbed and there would be increase of some animals and decrease of some animals. The animals also maintain the balance of the nature. Animals helps the humans in many ways directly or indirectly. A scientific research by the World Wildlife Fund shows that the Tigers helps us protect the forests and other endangered animals but tigers are on the edge of getting extinct. There are only 3,200 tigers left in the world. â€Å"Would you like to work for someone and in return getting nothing except getting being killed†? The above explanation explain us that we need to save the endangered animals and this is one of the reasons we should save them.

The Human Brain :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2. 75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body. The messages travel in very fine threads called nerves. The nerves and the brain make up a system somewhat like telephone poles carrying wires across the city. This is called the nervous system. The nerves in the body don't just send messages from the brain to the organs, but also send messages from the eyes, ears, skin and other organs back to your brain. Some nerves are linked directly to the brain. Others have to reach the brain through a sort of power line down the back, called the spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind. PROTECTING THE BRAIN Twenty-eight bones make up the skull. Eight of these bones are interlocking plates. These plates form the cranium. The cranium provides maximum protection with minimum weight, the ideal combination. The other twenty bones make up the face, jaw and other parts of the skull. Another way the brain keeps it self safe is by keeping itself in liquid. Nearly one fifth of the blood pumped by the heart is sent to the brain. The brain then sends the blood through an intricate network of blood vessels to where the blood is needed. Specialized blood vessels called choroid plexuses produce a protective cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid is what the brain literally floats in. A third protective measure taken by the brain is called the blood brain barrier. This barrier consists of a network of unique capillaries. These capillaries are filters for harmful chemicals carried by the blood, but do allow oxygen, water and glucose to enter the brain. THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN The brain is divided into three main sections. The area at the front of the brain is the largest. Most of it is known as the cerebrum. It controls all of the movements that you have to think about, thought and memory.

What Important Lessons in Life Are Learned Away from School?

Education plays a pivotal role in the life of any person. Some think that learning is done primarily in school. It is true that educational institutions have been so entwined with the process of learning where students learn languages and a variety of other subjects to learn how to communicate and analyze. However, important lessons outside school are also important to develop skills in us to prepare us for the future. One of the most important lessons that school cannot teach is morality. School cannot and will not be the yardstick of right and wrong.To be a person of integrity, one could probably attend a religious institution and learn the principles of upright living. To be morally upright would definitely help one to be a better person and grant him the inner peace that he needs for daily living. Living by the religious principles such as the Proverbs in the bible would also be able to guard him from committing follies that can be avoided. Another important lesson that one can l earn outside school is the skills of financial planning. Although school teaches the calculation of figures, it does not teach us how these figures would affect us financially in our lives.By learning to budget wisely, one would not end up in unnecessary debts. It is not uncommon to find young adults under a huge credit-card debt. To avoid such dire situations, one needs to learn the discipline to save, invest and spend wisely so that there will be wealth accumulation and funds set aside for a rainy day. Beside financial planning, we must learn lessons of hardship and perseverance. Without such values, one would be easily set back by failures. Hence, taking vacational jobs to earn some pocket money is an excellent opportunity to learn how to withstand hardship.For example, I was employed as a waiter in a five-star hotel. Having to stand daily for hours has taught me to take hardship in good stride. Such lesson would not have been made possible in school where children learn academic success above anything else. Finally, the school usually does not teach us the skills of widening and deepening friendship. Learning the right communication skills and the social boundary that we should keep between friends will enable us to understand and appreciate our friends better.A widening social circle and an inner sphere of intimate friends are important to help one succeed in life. A friend can be there to give advice, provide business opportunities and even provide a listening skill. Unfortunately, the school does not provide such skills and this could only be learnt from home and interaction with the outside world. In conclusion, it is a fallacy to think that everything can be learnt in school. One should always display a willingness to learn and relearn out of school context to be able to strive and thrive in this changing world.

Bony Anatomy The Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionThe undermentioned chapter intends to supply an overview of current literature pertinent to this survey. A brief lineation of related anatomy and biomechanics of the articulatio genus articulation will be discussed, every bit good as a theoretical association of articulatio genus degenerative arthritis and the lower kinetic concatenation. The clinical, aetiological and epidemiological facets of degenerative arthritis of the articulatio genus will be provided, along with the possible effects that assorted intervention option may hold on this disease.Anatomy2.2.1 Bony Anatomy of the Knee JointThe articulatio genus joint maps chiefly as a big hinge-type articulation, dwelling of three articulations ; two tibiofemoral articulations between the medial and sidelong femoral and tibial condyles, and one patellofemoral articulation between the posterior facet of the kneecap and thighbone ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Due to the comparative incongruence of the articulating surfaces, the articulatio genus articulation composite is inherently unstable, hence two fibrocartilage phonograph record ( semilunar cartilage ) exist in the infinite between the shinbone and thighbone, are attached to the intercondylar distinction of the shinbone, and farther addition the congruency of the joint every bit good as provide extra stableness ( Magee, 2008 ) . In add-on to the semilunar cartilage, legion environing ligaments play an of import function in stabilization of the articulatio genus. The name, location and specific map of these ligaments are outlined in the tabular array below.Table 2.1.1 Name Location and maps of articulatio genus ligamentsNameLocationFunctionMedial ( tibial ) collateral ligament ( MCL ) Anchored superiorly to the median femoral epicondyle, inferior to the adductor tubercle, and descends anteriorly to attach to the median border and median surface of the shinbone above and behind the fond regard of sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus sinews. Attaches by much of its deep surface to the underlying hempen membrane of the median semilunar cartilage. Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and prevents knee abduction Lateral ( fibular ) collateral ligament ( LCL ) Attaches superiorly to the sidelong femoral epicondyle, superior to the channel for the popliteus sinew. Inferiorly, it is attached to a depression on the sidelong surface of the fibular caput. It is separated from the hempen membrane by a Bursa Stabilises the hinge-like gesture of the articulatio genus and articulatio genus adduction. It is stronger than MCL Anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) Attaches to a aspect on the anterior portion of the intercondylar country of the shinbone and ascends posteriorly to attach to a aspect at the dorsum of the sidelong wall of the intercondylar pit of the thighbone Complect the thighbone and shinbone, stops tibia traveling frontward on thighbone, and prevents hyper-extension and inordinate internal rotary motion. ACL crosses sidelong to the PCL as they pass through the intercondylar part Articular capsule and the Bursa Articular capsule presents merely at the sides and posterior facets of the articulatio genus, where it covers the majority of the femoral and tibial condyles. It is stabilised and straighten by the joint ligaments and the musculus sinews. Bursa are extensions of the articulatio genus synovial pit and are filled with synovial fluid The capsule consists of an external hempen bed ( hempen capsule ) and an internal synovial membrane, which is uninterrupted with the synovial liner of the Bursa. They act to cut down clash between the sinews and implicit in castanetss ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves )2.2.2 Neurovascular StructuresTable 2.1.2 Neuravascular constructions of the articulatio genus2.2.3 Lower Limb MusculatureThe primary musculus groups responsible to making motion at the articulatio genus articulation are the quadriceps femoris ( extension ) and hamstrings ( flexure ) . The fond regards, excitation and action of the single musculuss within the quadriceps and hamstring are described in Table 2.1.3.1 and Table 2.1.3.2, severally.Table 2.1.3.1 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Quadriceps Femoris ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionRectus Femoris Anterior inferior iliac spinal column and Troy superior to acetabulum Via a common sinewy interpolation to the base of kneecap ; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tubercle Femoral Nerve ( L2, L3, L4 ) Extend leg at articulatio genus articulation ; rectus femur besides steadies hip articulation and helps iliopsoas musculus flex the thigh Vastus Lateralis Greater trochanter an sidelong lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Medialis Intertrochanteric line and median lip of linea aspera of thighbone Vastus Intermedius Anterior and sidelong surfaces of shaft of thighbone ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )Table 2.1.3.2 Attachments, Innervation and Action of Hamstrings ComponentsMuscleProximal AttachmentDistal AttachmentExcitationActionSemitendinosus Ischial tubercle Superior portion of shinbone on median surface Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it medially when articulatio genus is flexed Semimembranosus Ischial tubercle Posterior portion of shinbone on median condyle Bicepss Femoris Long caput: ischial tubercle Short caput: linea aspera and sidelong supracondylar line of thighbone Fibula on sidelong side of caput Long caput: Tibial division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Short caput: Common fibular division of sciatic nervus ( L5, S1, S2 ) Extend thigh ; flex leg and revolve it laterally when articulatio genus is flexed ( Table abridged from Moore and Dalley, 1999 )2.2.4 Lower Limb BiomechanicsThe primary motions of the articulatio genus are flexure and extension, with a smaller rotational constituent when the articulatio genus is flexed ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Table 2.1.4 outlines the chief motions of the articulatio genus articulation, every bit good as the name and action of the musculus bring forthing them.Table 2.1.4 Motions of the articulatio genusMotion and scope of motionNameActionKnee flexors 135A °-150A ° 1. Hamstrings ( semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris ) 2. Popliteus Flexs and rotes leg medially, locks and unlocks the articulatio genus from beginnings of flexure Knee extensors 0A °-10A ° Quadricepss femoris ( rectus femur, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis ) extends leg, ( but flexes thigh by action of rectus femur ) Medial rotary motion 0A °-10A ° Popliteus ( non-weight bearing articulatio genus extended ) , or semitendinosus and semimembranosus ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° laterally on fixed shinbone Lateral rotary motion 0A °-30A ° Bicepss femoris ( when knee flexed ) Weakly flexes articulatio genus, unlocks knee by revolving femur 5A ° medially on fixed shinbone ( hypertext transfer protocol: //andme26.hubpages.com/hub/Anatomy-of-the-knee-Bones-Muscles-Arteries-Veins-Nerves ) The comparative incongruence of the articular surface consequences in the articulatio genus being comparatively weak automatically, and a greater trust on the actions of environing musculuss, sinews and ligaments for strength and support ( Magee, 2008 ) . The anterior thigh musculuss are the most critical of these supports, with the quadriceps femoris musculuss being the most of import stabilizer of the articulatio genus articulation ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . Because of the fond regard of the quadriceps femoris musculus across two articulations, it is capable of bring forthing action at both the hip and the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The three vastus musculuss ( vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis ) form the primary extensor musculus group of the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999, Magee, 2008 ) . The rectus femoris division of the quadriceps femoris musculus Acts of the Apostless, along with the iliopsoas, to flex the hip ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) ; therefore its ability to widen the articulatio genus is compromised when the hip is flexed. As a consequence, the ability of the quadriceps femoris musculus group to bring forth knee extension is most effectual when the hip articulation is extended ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings musculus group produces extension at the hip and flexure at the articulatio genus ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ; Marieb, 2004 ) . These two actions of the hamstrings can non be performed maximally at the same clip, as full flexure of the articulatio genus requires so much shortening that the hamstrings can non supply the extra contraction needed for full extension of the hip, and frailty versa ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . The hamstrings, nevertheless, demonstrate most activity when they are eccentrically undertaking to defy hip flexure and articulatio genus extension ( Moore and Dalley, 1999 ) . A survey by Wilson et Al ( 2011 ) aimed to look into the correlativity between articulatio genus articulation biomechanics and neuromuscular control and moderate articulatio genus degenerative arthritis radiographic and pain badness, higher articulatio genus adduction minutes ( during stance stage ) and lower articulatio genus flexure angles ( full pace rhythm ) were associated with higher RVAS. Higher hurting tonss were associated with lower pace velocities and reduced activation of the sidelong gastroc between early and late stance stage, which the writers suggested may be a mechanism to antagonize high median compartment articulation burden. Additionally, increased activation of the median hamstring between early stance stage and toe off may be declarative of higher coactivity of these musculuss in a guarding mechanism to increase joint stiffness and cut down the hurting, and perchance to compensate joint instability.2.2.4.1 Kinetic Chain TheoryThe kinetic concatenation is defined as â€Å" a combination of several in turn arranges myofascial, articular and nervous constituents, representing a complex unit † ( Bergmann & A ; Peterson, 2002 ) . In order for this system to map, it requires optimum alliance, mechanics and enlisting of these articulations. There are 3 sub-systems within a kinetic concatenation ( active, inactive and nervous ) , all of which contribute to the production of motion: In the lower limb there exists a functional relationship between the articulatio genus and the superior articulations in the hip and lumbopelvic spinal column, every bit good as the pes and mortise joint, inferiorly. When the pess are weight-bearing, the kinetic concatenation is closed and the links map interdependently, with a alteration in one articulation ensuing in an immediate consequence on the kinematics of other articulations in the concatenation. Therefore, a disfunction in the articulatio genus can hold a direct consequence on next articulation in the concatenation, and frailty versa. This highlights the importance of turn toing non merely the country of ailment, but besides next parts to rectify any potentially altered biomechanics of the kinetic concatenation in entirety.Overview of Osteoarthritis of the KneeEpidemiologyIncidence and PrevalenceBy the age of 60 old ages, about 100 % of the population will hold histologic alterations of devolution in their articulatio genus gristle, over 80 % will hold radiographic grounds of OA in at least one articulation, about 40 % will describe clinical symptoms of arthritis, and 10 % will see activity restriction ( Loeser 2000 ) .Hazard FactorsHarmonizing to the Framingham degenerative arthritis survey, the major hazard factors for KOA were age, female gender, fleshiness, non-smoking, occupational articulatio genus bending, physical labor, and chondrocalcinosis ( Felson 1993 ) . Other hazard factors identified are listed in the tabular array below.Table 2.2.1 Hazard factors and Protective factors for KOA harmonizing to the F ramingham OA surveyHazard factorsAge Female gender Geneticss Race Geographic Fleshiness Major articulation injury Occupational Immobilization High bone mineral denseness Joint hypermobility & A ; instability Insistent articulation usage Peripheral neuropathy Prior inflammatory articulation disease Congenital/developmental defects Crystal deposition in articulations Oestrogen surplus Diabetess, high blood pressure, hyperuricaemiaProtective factorsSmoking Osteoporosis Weight decrease Age: Age is the strongest hazard factor for OA, with an addition in prevalence of diagnostic OA from 7.0 % in those aged 63-69 old ages old to 11.2 % in those over the age of 80. Radiographic grounds of OA increased from 27.4 % amongst those in their 1960ss compared to 43.7 % prevalence in those in their 1880ss ( Felson 1987 ) . Gender: Age related increased in OA were found to be more evident in females ; non merely with respect to incidence, but besides in badness and rate of patterned advance ( grade 3/4 alterations increased in prevalence by 7.9 % from the 6th to eighth decennary of life ( Felson 1990 ) . Although there was small or no difference in gender prevalence of mild OA ( Roberts 1996 ) , females tended to hold more terrible OA, a greater figure of joint engagements, more symptoms, and a higher prevalence of manus and articulatio genus OA ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) ( Felson1995 ) . Recent surveies suggest that post-menopausal oestrogen lack may play a function in development of KOA in older adult females ( Nevitt 1996 ) . Males, nevertheless, had an increased prevalence of hip OA ( particularly in those aged 55 and supra ) ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) Fleshiness: Fleshiness is the strongest modifiable hazard factor for development of KOA, particularly in adult females ( Loeser 2000 ) . Harmonizing to the Framingham survey, higher organic structure mass index ( BMI ) was associated with an odds ratio of 1.6 per 5-unit addition in BMI. Similarly, a weight loss correlated to a 40 % lessening in hazard of KOA per 10-lb ( ~4.5kg ) weight loss ( Felson 1988/1997 ) . Hazard for development of KOA increased exponentially when fleshiness was present with an extra hazard factor, such as heavy physical activity. Aged patients in the upper tertile of BMI who performed at least 3 hours of physical activity daily had an odds ratio of 13 for development of KOA ( McAlindon 1999 ) . Major joint injury: The comparative hazard for development of radiographic KOA following meniscectomy for direction of stray meniscal cryings was 14 ( Roos 1998 ) . Surveies besides suggest that quadriceps failing increased the hazard of both radiographic and diagnostic OA ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Insistent articulation usage: While there is deficient informations to propose that featuring activities may take to generalised OA ( Lane 1993 ) , it has been shown that certain businesss may do the overexploitation of peculiar articulations, therefore increasing the hazard of development of localized OA ( Croft 1992 ) . For illustration, occupational articulatio genus bending is strongly associated with KOA and mineworkers frequently exhibit marks of spondylosis ( Felson 1990 ) . Muscle dysbalance & A ; wasting: Muscles play a major function in joint biomechanics as the green goods motions, absorb burden, and supply dynamic joint stableness. It is therefore possible that musculus failing due to aging or anterior injury my consequence in loss of the protective musculus control, inordinate joint motion and instability ( Slemendra 1997 ) . Ultimately this will do stress-induced microtrauma of the articular gristle due to the increased happening in physiological shear and extremum articulation forces. Over an drawn-out period of clip, this microtrauma will do gristle devolution, with pathological subchondral force per unit area addition and attendant subchondral induration, and joint prostration with axis maldeviation ( mention ) . Slemenda et Al. conducted a prospective survey in which reduced articulatio genus extensor strength was present in those topics who developed OA as compared to the unaffected participants ( Slemendra 1998 ) . Similar findings were seen in a survey by on patients with one-sided mortise joint OA, in which the affected side displayed reduced calf perimeter and decreased electromyography ( EMG ) frequences of lower leg musculuss ( Valdererrohano 2006 ) . In a healthy person, musculus biopsies have shown wasting of type-1 musculus fibers ( slow-twitch ) in the vastus lateralis following periods of articulatio genus immobilization. In KOA patients nevertheless, failing of the vastus lateralis was largely due to type-2 fiber wasting ( Nakamara and Suzuki 1992 ) . Fink et al so investigated the structural alterations in the vastus medialis and found type-2 fiber wasting in all specimens ( which was consistent with informations from Nakamara ) every bit good as extra type-1 fiber wasting in 32 % of patients ( Fink 2007 ) . Exercise preparation has been found to increase diameter of both type-1 and type-2 musculuss fibers ( Saltin 1977 ) , and was therefore the recommendation of the writers in order to antagonize the musculus wasting and therefore protract the oncoming of OA. As musculuss increase in size with exercising, it is suspected that wasting in creaky patients is non merely caused by neglect in the presence of joint stiffness and hurting, but besides by age-related sarcopenia ( generalized loss of skeletal musculus mass ) , physical immobilization and decreased physical activity ( Goodpaster 2006 ) . This musculus wasting, irrespective of its causative pathomechanism, has been found to be strongly correlated to the development of OA. Since exercising additions muscle mass and improves musculus map, it is likely to play an of import function in intervention and bar of OA.PathologyOA is characterised by focal loss of gristle with grounds of attach toing periarticular bone response. Clinically, it presents as joint hurting and crepitus in the aged age group, and is radiographically characterised by reduced joint infinite, osteophytes and a assortment of malformations that develop as the disease progresses.Pathogenesis and MorphologyNormal hyaline gr istle comprises chondrocytes ( 1-2 % ) embedded in extra-cellular matrix, which in bend is constituted by H2O, type-II collagen and proteoglycans. Articular gristle performs two chief maps: 1 ) along with synovial fluid, it provides virtually friction-free motion within the joint ; and 2 ) in weight-bearing articulations, it spreads the burden across the joint surface in a mode that allows the implicit in castanetss to absorb daze and weight. These maps require that gristle be elastic and have a high tensile strength. These properties are provided by proteoglycans and type II collagen, both of which are produced by chondrocytes. Articular gristle invariably undergoes matrix devolution and replacing. Any instability in normal chondrocytes ability to keep gristle synthesis and debasement can take to OA. Majority of the pathological alterations in OA occur in the gristle itself, nevertheless as the disease progresses, the organic structure and synovial constructions besides begin to de mo marks of devolution. ( Reference ) Cartilage Changes: Chondrocyte map can be affected by a assortment of influences, including mechanical emphasiss, aging, metabolic and familial factors, increased bone denseness and high oestrogen degrees. Regardless of the inciting stimulation, early OA is marked by the degenerating gristle incorporating more H2O and less proteoglycan ( mention ) . This occurs as a consequence of an enzymatic debasement of the major structural constituents, aggrecan and collagen, which causes reactive proliferation of chondrocytes to organize bunchs ( ringers ) with increased production of matrix constituents. Although the turnover of aggrecan constituents is increased, the concentration finally falls. The lessening in size of hydrophilic aggrecan molecules increases the H2O concentration and swelling force per unit area in gristle, farther interrupting the staying staging of type II collagen. Overall, gristle tensile strength and resiliency are compromised doing it susceptible to supporting hurts. ( BOON ET AL ) Progression of these alterations leads to transgress of surface unity, crevices, opposing, flaking of gristle and development of perpendicular clefts ( fibrillations ) , localised chondrocyte decease and lessening in gristle thickness. Cartilage loss is focal instead than widespread and normally restricted to the maximal supporting portion of the joint ( BOON ET AL ) . Gross scrutiny at this phase reveals a soft farinaceous articular gristle surface ( kumar et Al ) . Bone Changes: The bone instantly below the compromised gristle responds by increasing its trabecular thickness ( subchondral induration ) , which in some instances reflects healed trabeculate microfractures or countries of osteonecrosis caused by the increased force per unit area in bone as the gristle fails in its load-transmitting map. The break gaps allow synovial fluid to be forced into the subchondral parts, organizing hempen walled cysts. At the border of the joint there is formation of new fibrocartilage, which so undergoes endochondral ossification to organize osteophytes. Despite cardinal and fringy new bone formation, with terrible gristle loss, crevices may intensify and expose the subchondral bone to have on, with the unprotected bone ends going ivory-like due to inspissating and vascularization ( eburnation ) , frequently with deep linear furrows ( BOON ET AL ) . Small breaks can free pieces of gristle and subchondral bone into the joint, organizing loose organic structu res ( joint mice ) . Bone remodelling and gristle thinning easy alter the form of OA articulations, increasing their surface Other Changes: The synovial membrane undergoes variable grades of hyperplasia, sometimes as aureate although less widespread as RA ( In terrible disease, a hempen synovial pannus covers the peripheral parts of the articular surface ) . Osteochondral organic structures normally occur within the synovial membrane, reflecting chondroid mataplasia or secondary consumption and growing of damaged gristle fragments. The outer capsule besides thickens and contracts, normally retaining the stableness of the remodelling articulation. The musculuss that act over the joint normally show non-specific type-II fiber wasting ( BOON ET AL ) .Natural HistoryThe class of OA is extremely variable. Those patients with multiple affected articulations tend to hold a more rapid patterned advance of OA in their single articulations ( Felson 1993 ) . Advanced age ( Felson 1993 ) and fleshiness ( Felson 1993 ) are besides associated with more rapid patterned advance. Primary OA is regarded as by and large easy progressive, which is apparent in one 3rd to two tierces of radiographic OA instances ; while it has been known to brace for many old ages, betterments are rare ( kumar et Al ) . Diagnostic OA may come on, or better, or may even be arrested due to the fact that symptoms have been shown to be ill correlated to radiographic patterned advance ( Kellgren-Lawrence 1963 ) . Osteophye encroachments on spinal hiatuss are a common cause of nervus root entrapment, which may ensue in neurological shortages such as radicular hurting, musculus wasting or cramp, and centripetal loss. With clip, entire articulation prostration may happen, but unlike Rheumatoid arthritis, does non ensue in joint anchylosis ( merger ) . ( kumar et Al )Subsets of OAPrimary OA can be categorised into three major subsets, although it may non be easy to find an exact differentiation between the subsets ( Doherty 1994 ) . Nodal Generalised OA: GOA is characterised by distal, and proximal to a lesser extent, interphalangeal ( IP ) articulation engagement, Heberden ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of DIP articulation ) , Bouchard ‘s nodes ( cadaverous expansion of PIP articulation ) and familial bunch. It peaks at in-between age and is common in females ( Doherty 1994 ) . Erosive OA: Characterised by engagement of IP articulations of custodies, frequently with aureate redness and erosive alterations, that subsequently take to malformations and anchylosis. A little proportion ( 15 % ) may germinate into seropositive rheumatoid arthritis ( Doherty 1994 ) . Isolated big joint OA: Knee: This is the most common signifier of OA, frequently happening bilaterally. It may affect preponderantly the median femorotibial, sidelong femorotibial or patellofemoral compartment. Hip: Predominantly involves the superior pole or the median compartment. Spinal column: Apophyseal joint engagement is the lone true signifier of OA that can affect the spinal column and is typically manifested my hurting on extention on the spinal column. Intervertebral phonograph record ( IVD ) devolution with osteophyte formation is considered an built-in portion of OA, and normally affects the lumbar and cervical parts. Diffuse intraosseeous skeletal hyperostosis ( DISH ) and ossification of posterior longitudinal ligaments ( OPLL ) are considered to be discrepancies of spondylosis, and comprise fluxing calcification of the disc border and anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, severally ( mention ) .Clinical FeaturesSigns and symptoms of OA may take many old ages after the oncoming of the disease to go clinically apparent. This is due the fact that the patterned advance of the disease is extremely variable & A ; there tends to be hapless correlativity to radiographic and microscopic patterned advance. Another possible ground that there may be a hold in the visual aspect of symptoms after devolution has taken topographic point is because due to a deficiency of excitation within the gristle ( Lane 1993 ) . Joints normally involved in OA are the articulatio genus, fingers, and spinal apophyseal articulations. Less normally are the hips, acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular articulations, while carpal, cubitus, mortise joint and glenohumeral articulations are seldom involved in isolation.Signs and SymptomsSymptoms if OA often have an insidious oncoming and an asymmetrical distribution, subsequently going symmetric as the disease progresses. Factors that may foretell the presence of diagnostic OA and rate of patterned advance include advanced age, fleshiness and multiple affected articulations. The central marks of OA include bony puffiness, synovial gush, crepitus, restricted scope of gesture, joint malformation and, musculus failing and wasting. Symptoms associated with OA include hurting, joint stiffness and functional damage, although all need n't be present at the same clip & A ; badness: Pain: Pain normally begins as an intermittent localised deep aching in and around the affected articulation, frequently exacerbated by motion. As the disease progresss, hurting may go more relentless, going nowadays at dark and during remainder. In KOA, hurting is normally localised to the front tooth and median facets of the articulatio genus and upper thigh, normally occurs with step usage, mounting in and out of vehicles, and making day-to-day activities such as bathing, standing from a seated place and utilizing a lavatory. These jobs may be amplified in the presence of attendant hip pathologies, where normal walking pace is likely to be altered as a consequence of the inguen and leg hurting. Stiffness: Stiffness in the involved articulations is typically present and worst first thing in the forenoon ( forenoon stiffness ) and lasts between five and 30 proceedingss. Stiffness may besides be present subsequently in the twenty-four hours after periods of remainder or inaction ( gelling ) , but is brief and relieved by soft motion ( Doherty 1994 ) . This stiffness is frequently associated with impaired motion within the joint and my consequence from a figure of causes ; joint adhesion, capsular tightening and thickener, inflexibleness of the overlying soft tissue and/or altered joint construction ( eg. as a consequence of osteophyte formation ) . Functional Damage: The badness of functional damage is mostly dependent on the grade of devolution, type of joint involved every bit good as the specific location of the devolution within the joint. For illustration, if there is pronounced devolution with osteophyte formation on next jointing surfaces, which make contact during motion, one would anticipate to happen that scope of gesture is impaired. Similarly, loose organic structures may ensue in reduced scope of gesture every bit good as possible lockup or buckling, particularly if located within the articulatio genus articulation. Crepitus develops as a consequence of gristle loss articulation and abnormalities on jointing surfaces such that they longer skid swimmingly over one another. This creates a stuttered-type gesture, which can be palpated on scrutiny of scope of gesture. In terrible instances this crepitus may even make hearable â€Å" dads † . Crepitus is present in over 90 % of patients with KOA ( mention ) . In terrible instances, joint subluxation may happen when there is uneven wear of the joint surfaces. Over an drawn-out period of clip this will ensue in asymmetrical joint infinite narrowing and finally prostration. When this occurs in the articulatio genus, the median tibiofemoral articulation to typically more affected than the sidelong and in over 50 % of patients will do the development of a knee varus ( â€Å" bow leg malformation † ) . Functional damage may besides ensue non merely from structural alterations to the joint surfaces, but besides from other alterations associated with OA, such as arthrogenic musculus suppression. In this instance, the patient may see failing due to wasting of the surrounding musculuss, every bit good as stiffness or reduced scope of gesture due to inflexibleness ( Hurley 1998 ) .Table 2.2.2 Outline of Typical Symptoms of OsteoarthritisSymptomsPatient over age of 45 Insidious onset over months or old ages Variable or intermittent hurting over clip Chiefly related to motion and weight-bearing, relieved by remainder Merely brief forenoon ( & lt ; 15 proceedingss ) stiffness and â€Å" gelling † ( & lt ; 1 minute ) after remainder Normally merely one or two articulations painful ( non multiple regional hurting ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )Table 2.2.3 Outline of Clinical Signs Characteristic of OsteoarthritisSignsRestricted motion ( capsular thickener, barricading by osteophytes ) Palpable, sometimes hearable, class crepitus ( unsmooth articular surfaces ) Bony swelling ( osteophytes ) around articulation borders Deformity, normally without instability Joint-line or periarticular tenderness Muscle failing, blowing No, or merely mild, synovitis ( gush, increased heat ) ( Adapted from Davidson ‘s )2.3.3.2 Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition ( AMI )AMI is defined as the failure of a functional musculus group to enroll all motor units during maximum voluntary contraction ( Suter et al, 2000 ) . When joint receptors are subjected to distention, compaction, ligamentous stretch, gush and hurting, this protective mechanism is activated, doing automatic suppression of the environing muscularure to forestall farther hurt to the joint ( Crossman and Neary, 1995 ) . The hurting, joint annoyance and musculus cramps frequently associated with KOA, taking to biomechanical alterations and redness, consequences in an suppression of the joint motorneuron pool and inability to enroll all the musculus fibers within the musculus groups that cross the affected articulation. The net consequence is: lessening musculus strength ( existent and/or evident failing ) , doing holds in the rehabilitation advancement ( Hopkins and Ingersoll, 2000 ) Altered motion forms due to a alteration in motor control and joint proprioception, increasing the hazard of hurting, re-injury and accelerated devolution because of the deformed articulation forces ( Lee, 4004 )Diagnostic StandardsPrior to the development of clinical standards for diagnosing of OA in 1981? , the diagnosing of OA was frequently based on radiographic visual aspect and standards proposed by Kellgren and Lawrence in 1957, which is accepted by the World Health Organisation. The diagnosing of OA is mostly clinico-radiographic, that is both clinical and radiographic characteristics are taken into consideration to find the presence and badness of the disease. It is widely acknowledged that radiographic alterations may non be present in the early phases of devolution, while merely 40-50 % of patients with radiographic grounds of OA are clinically symptomless ( Roberts 1996 ) . For this ground the American Rheumatism Association devised diagnostic standards for OA in assorted articulations.Table 2.2.4 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the KneeTraditional formatClassification tree formatKnee hurting OsteophytesPlusOne of three: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Knee hurting and OsteophytesOrKnee hurting and age a†°? 40 old ages and forenoon stiffness a†°Ã‚ ¤ 30 proceedingss in continuance and crepitus on gesture( Altman 1986 )Table 2.2.5 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HipHip hurting At least two of the followers: ESR Westergreen & lt ; 20mm/hr Radiographic femoral or cotyloid osteophytes Radiographic joint infinite narrowing ( superior, axial and/or medial )( Altman 1991 )Table 2.2.6 Clinico-radiographic Classification Criteria for Osteoarthritis of the HandssHand hurting, hurting, or stiffness Three or four of the followers: Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more of 10 selected joints* Hard tissue expansion of 2 or more DIP articulations Less than 3 conceited MCP articulations Deformity of at least one of 10 selected joints* * 10 selected articulations are 2nd and 3rd DIP articulation, 2nd and 3rd PIP articulation, and 1st carpometacarpal joint( Altman 1990 )Radiographic DiagnosisThere are eight central marks of DJD: asymmetric distribution, non-uniform loss of joint infinite, osteophytes, subchondral induration, subchondral cysts, intra-articular loose organic structures, intra-articular malformation, and joint subluxation. The radiographic presentation of OA varies depending on the joint involved, the anatomic relationships, and the emphasis to which the articulation is subjected. Therefore all eight marks need non be present in order to set up a diagnosing of OA ; nevertheless they may be utile in in finding the grade of underlying diseased sequences affecting the joint compartments. The tabular array below is the scaling system used to set up radiographic badness of OA ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Table 2.2.7 Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of OsteoarthritisDescriptionNormal No alteration Class I Improbable narrowing of the joint infinite, possibleA osteophytes Grade II SmallA osteophytes, possible narrowing of the joint Grade III Multiple, reasonably sizedA osteophytes, definite joint infinite narrowing, some sclerosed countries, possible distortion of bone terminals Grade IV Multiple largeA osteophytes, terrible joint infinite narrowing, marked induration and definite cadaverous terminal malformation. mention Asymmetrical Distribution: There is often a seeable disparity when comparing the extent of joint engagement with the unaffected ( or lesser affected ) articulation on the contralateral side. The asymmetrical distribution of OA helps to separate it from inflammatory arthropathies, such as RA, when have a characteristically symmetrical engagement ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Non-Uniform Loss of Joint Space: Decrease in joint infinite is most likely to happen at the parts of greatest intra-articular emphasis, which is particularly apparent in weight-bearing articulations such as the spinal column, hip, and articulatio genus ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Osteophytes: Radiographically, these are seen as cadaverous branchs widening from the part of capsular interpolation into the joint infinite. In really terrible instances the osteophyte may wholly bridge the joint infinite, doing anyklosis of the joint ( cite – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Sclerosis ( Eburnation ) : This is normally apparent in countries where there is the greatest loss in gristle tallness. It occurs as a consequence of increased mechanical forces being transmitted to the joint surfaces that lack the daze absorbing consequence of normal gristle thickness. In order to antagonize these increased forces, the bing trabeculate bone thickens and new bone is formed. This is seen on radiogram as increased countries of radio-opacity in the subchondral bone underlying parts of reduced joint infinite ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Subchondral Cysts ( Goedes ) : These are focal parts of loss in bone denseness, of variable size, which appear as rounded countries of radiolucency and frequently have a sclerosed border. They are located in countries of old subchiondral induration, and occur either as a consequence of synovial fluid invasion through the open articular home base or secondary to trabeculate break and subsequent mortification ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Intra-Articular Loose Bodies ( Joint Mice ) : As joint devolution advancements, flaking and atomization may ensue in intra-articular accretion of free drifting organic structures, comprised mostly of gristle and on occasion subchondral bone ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Articular Deformity: Progressive distortion of the articular surfaces may happen following insistent emphasis, doing big subchondral cysts, trabeculate remodelling, break and prostration, which may be exacerbated my mortification due to secondary vascular perturbations ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) . Joint Subluxation: The joint finally becomes unstable and prone to displacement due to joint surface distortion, loss of joint infinite, and laxness within the construction of the ligaments and sinews. This alters in the burden distribution, farther increasing the unbalances emphasiss of the joint, speed uping the degenerative procedure ( mention – Y & A ; R? ) .Clinical DiagnosisAltman et Al. ( 1986 ) developed sets of standards for the categorization of idiopathic OA of the articulatio genus.Table 2.2.8 Classification Criteria for Diagnosis of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the Knee *Clinical and research labClinical and radiolograohicClinical **Knee Pain + at least 5 of 9: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat ESR & lt ; 40 mm/hr RF & lt ; 1:40 SF OA Knee Pain + at least 1 of 3: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus + Osteophytes Knee Pain + at least 3 of 6: Age & gt ; 50 old ages Stiffness & lt ; 30 proceedingss Crepitus Bony tenderness Bony Enlargement No tangible heat 92 % Sensitivity 75 % Specific 91 % Sensitivity 86 % Specific 95 % Sensitivity 69 % Specific * ESR = erythrocyte sedementation rate ( Westergreen ) ; RF = arthritic factor ; SF OA = synovial fluid marks of OA ( clear, syrupy, or white blood cell count & lt ; 2000/mm3 ) . ** Alternative would be 4 of 6, which is 84 % sensitive and 89 % particular. ( mention )Differentiation from other Arthritic DiseasesArthritic arthritis: associated with more marks of redness affecting the MCP, carpus, wrist bones and other peripheral articulations, every bit good as the cervical spinal column. Generalised OA involves the DIP, PIP and first CMC articulations in the manus and, cervical and lumbar spinal column parts. RA distinguished from erosive OA through positive research lab trial, such as arthritic factor, ESR, and synovial fluid analysis ( Boon et al, ) . Joints actively involved in arthritic arthritis seldom show osteophytes, therefore their presence is a utile index of OA if the patient presents with a assorted clinical image. If osteophytes precede arthritic engagement, it indicated that rheumatoid arthritis has evolved from an erosive OA. Conversely, they will merely develop in secondary devolution following RA burn out ( Yochum & A ; Rowe, ) . Pseudogout: differentiated from OA by presence of CPPD crystals in synovial fluid, every bit good the in engagement of articulations that are non typically associated with primary OA, such as the cubitus and shoulder ( McCarthy 1998 ) .Table 2.2.9 Categorization for Subsets of Idiopathic OsteoarthritisLocalised:Handss: Heberden ‘s and Bouchard ‘s nodes ( nodal ) Erosive interphalangeal arthritis ( non-nodal ) Scaphometacarpal Scophotrapezal Foot: Halux valgus Hallux rigidus Contracted toes ( hammer/cock-up toes ) Talonavicular Knee: Medial compartment Lateral compartment Patellofemoral compartment Hip: Eccentric ( superior ) Concentric ( axial, median ) Diffuse ( coxae senilis ) Spine ( peculiarly cervical and lumbar ) : Apophyseal Intervertebral ( phonograph record ) Spondylosis ( osteophytes ) Ligamentous hyperostosis [ DISH* or Forestier ‘s disease ] ) Other individual sites: Shoulder Temporomandibular Sacroiliac Ankle Wrist AcromioclavicularGeneralised ( includes 3 or more sites listed above ) :Small ( peripheral ) and spinal column Large ( cardinal ) and spinal column Mixed ( peripheral and cardinal ) and spinal column * DISH = Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis