The Dangers of Carbon Dioxide Essay -- Environmental Gases Health Essa

The Dangers of Carbon DioxideThesis As the environs encounters damage from increasing levels of carbon dioxide, actions on two governmental and individual levels need to be implemented in order to protect the welf atomic number 18 of future life.IntroductionIn an era of rising applied science and increasing population, demands on the environment are continually being pushed to new levels. As a result, it becomes important for us to expand our knowledge about the environment and take appropriate actions to protect this element of most importance to human existence. One component of our environment experiencing some of the greatest abuse due to public is the air. Air pollution has been on the rise ever since the beginning of industrialization. The climbing number of factories and use of cars worldwide are the major culprits of this environmental hazard. There are various gases released into the air that can be considered air pollutants, but one of the most prevalent and dangerous t o the environment is carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide). Up to 95% of the CO2 produced is the result of natural processes (Burnett & Matthews Jr., 1998). The rest is a direct result of human activity, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels in the production of energy dominance Effects of High Atmospheric CO2 LevelsThe major effect most scientists fear as the result of increased levels of CO2 in our atmosphere is world-wide warming. By blocking the heat reflected from the Earths surface, greenhouse gases are able to warm the planet in a similar way to how glass warms up a greenhouse. Without this greenhouse effect, it is calculated our planet would be 35 degrees Celsius cooler worldwide, causing oceans to freeze and greatly altering life (Doyle, 1996). Accordi... ... Carbon Traced To Northern Lands (1995, September 23). intuition News, 148 (13), p. 204.Novak, Mary H. (1998, July 24). Kyoto Treaty A Giant Leap into the Economic Abyss. Houston Business Journal, 29 (10), p. 27A. Online. Available http//insite.palni.edu/WebZ/ straighten outsessionid=0.Rising Carbon Dioxide is Great For Plants. (1992, December). Consumers Research Magazine, 75 (12), p. 25. Online. Available http//insite.palni.edu/WebZ/Authorizesessionid=0.Singer, Fred S (1996, November 25). Dirty Climate. National Review, 48 (22), pp. 62-64. Online. Available http//insite.palni.edu/WebZ/Authorizesessionid=0.Smog From the Middle Kingdom (1998, Summer). Earth Island Journal, 13 (3), p. 3. Online. Available http//insite.palni.edu/WebZ/Authorizesessionid=0.Soil Seen as Missing Sink (1996, September 21). Science News, 150 (12), p. 186.

American Democracy Essay -- Government Politics US Essays Political Sc

American DemocracyThe American democracy is one of the most peaceful kinds of authorities in the world although it is a long way from utopia. The democracy in which we live has many strengths and weaknesses. Neither strengths or weaknesses out weigh one another, exclusively it is necessary to have both due to the varying definitions. A democracy is a government that is run by the people. The politicians that we elect to run our government ar human and they are susceptible to mistakes based on their own strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses they possess are reflected into our government yet at least we the people elect them and they are not chosen for us.We live in a representative democracy that means we the people are given the right to elect those who represent our beliefs and values. The political campaigns of the politicians allows us the freedom of who to elect by selling us their views on how they feel our government should function. Many of the campaigns seem to dispute the candidate running against the other(s) but it normally ties into what they believe is wrong. Sometimes a candidates campaign will run according to one of the candidates mistakes that they have made in office or in life. The candidate may then promise they would never make a mistake of that sort. The campaigns now days tend to be more on the nix side but negativity sells in this country. While positive campaigns reflect more on the positive goals of the campaignee it ...

Aristotle and the Techne of Rhetoric Essay -- History Aristotle Essays

Aristotle and the Techne of RhetoricBetween the third and fifth centuries B.C. there existed a golden and classical age of conception in the ancient world, with the majority of this activity centered in the polis of Athens, Greece. Although the city is historically recognized for its legendary conflict with rival polis Sparta, Athens is perhaps best(p) known for the creation of democracythat noble political experiment that laid the preliminary structure for most of the rights we Americans enjoy today. First among these rights was the freedom of speech. Each Athenian citizen (meaning male land owners numbering around five thousand) met regularly in public forums (in an open-air auditorium called the Pnyx) to discuss laws and issues. Each man had a voice in the matter, and his success in dissuading or persuading his audience meant the action Athens would potentially take. So unwrapstanding rhetoric, and the study, teaching, and delivery of it, became the center of attention among t he Athenians democracy meant individual empowerment, and ethical rhetoric meant the power to make change. The first notable scholars to take on the challenge of analyzing and teaching the art of rhetoric were Isocrates, Socrates, and later, Plato. Plato soon created an academy in Athens, suitably called the Plato Academy that attracted men who were interested in the art. One of the first students was Aristotle, who like Plato, had a lasting effect not only on the study of rhetoric, merely the discipline itself. Aristotle was born in 384 BC at Stagirus, a Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. His father, Nichomachus, was a respected physician to the queen mole rat Amyntas of Macedonia. This connection with the royal family served Aristotle we... ...tain an audience in an effort to create change. So no, technology is not always simply a machine spitting out rivets or a computer humming away in some lab somewhere. It can be, as Aristotle argues, found in the logic of th e human nous for the mind is, and will always be, humankinds greatest techne.Works CitedAristotle. On Rhetoric A Theory of Civic Discourse. Ed. G. A. Kennedy. Oxford New York, 1991.Aristotle (384 322 BCE.) Overview The Internet encyclopedia of Philosophy. easy Online www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm. Accessed 12 Feb. 2003.Foss, S.K. Rhetorical Criticism Exploration and Practice. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland, 1996.Newbold, Dr. Webster. Review of Understanding technology Unit Writing and Technology. Available online www.bsu.edu/web/00wwnewbold /213/213unit1review.htm. Accessed 11 Feb. 2003.

Japan Essay -- Geography Geographical Japan Essays

lacquerGeographical SettingJapan is an is overthrow country in the North Pacific Ocean. It lies off the northeastcoast of brinyland Asia and faces Russia,Korea, and China. Four large islands andthousands of smaller ones make up Japan. The four major islands-Hokkaido,Honshu,Kyushu and Shikoku form a curve that extends for about 1,900kilometres.TopographyJapan is a land of great natural beauty. mountains and hills cover about 70% ofthe country. IN fact, Japanese islands consist of the rugged upper part of agreat mountain roam that rises from the floor of the North Pacific Ocean.Jagged peaks, rocky gorges, and thundering mountain waterfalls provide some ofthe countrys most spectacular scenery. Thick forests thrive on mountansides,adding to the scenic beauty of the Japanese islands. Forests cover about 68% ofthe countrys land.Japan lies on an extremely unstable part of the earths crust. As a result, theland is constantly switching. This shifting causes twain of Japans most strikingf eatures-- earthquakes and volcanoes. The Japanese islands have about 1500earthquakes a year. Most of them are minor tremors that cause little damage, butsevere earthqaukes draw every few years. Underseaquakes sometimes cause huge,destructive tidal waves, called tsunami, along Japans Pacific coast. TheJapanese islands have more than 150 major volcanoes. Over 60 of these volcanoesare active.Numerous short, swift rivers cross Japans rugged surface. most of the riversare too shallow and steep to be navigated. Their waters are used to irrigatefarmland, and their rapids and falls supply power for hydroelectric plants. Manylakes nestle among the Japanese mountains. Some lie in the craters of extinctvolcanoes. A large number of baking hot springs gush from the ground throughout thecountry. The Japanese islands have a total land area of about 337,708 sqkm. Theislands , in order of size, are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The sea ofJapan washes the countrys west coast and the Pacific ocean lies to the east.ClimateRegional climates in Japan can be compared to those of the East Coast of theUnited States. Kyushu and Shikoku have a climate much like that of Perth. Theyhave long hot summers and mild winters. The island Honshus generally haswarm,humid summers. Winters are mild in the south and cold and snowy in then... ...ies of the language for use in different social contexts these varietiesare called social styles of speech. A large number of dialects are spokenthroughout Japans four main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu), aswell as on the smaller islands, such as the Ryukyu Islands. Some dialects-forinstance, those spoken in the southern parts of Japan, notably on the islands ofKyushu and Okinawa-are nigh incomprehensible to the speakers of otherdialects. As a result of this diversity of dialects, the Japanese use a standard,or common, dialect to facilitate communication throughout the country. The twodialect families with the largest number of sp eakers are the dialect spoken inand around Tokyo, which is the common dialect, and the dialects of the Kansairegion in western Japan, spoken in cities such as Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe. Due tothe spread of the common dialect through television and radio, most peopleoutside the Tokyo region speak the common dialect as well as a local dialect.RefrencesWorld Book Encyclopedia (Cd Rom) Grolier Encyclopedia (Cd Rom) Encarta 96Encyclopedia (Cd Rom) JETRO (Internet Site) CIA World Factbook (Internet Site)

home improvement :: essays research papers

understructure ImprovementTo construct a sitcom, like Home Improvement, there are certain media concepts that the show must take into consideration before building a set, and book of account. The medium that is chosen determines the format of the text, money limits construction, and the auditory modality limits construction, as well as the lifestyles, and values of the audience. The writers of the show have to determine what dialogue is used in the script, for example the language and word choice that is used. The script in addition includes choosing a plot, setting, characters, and narrators. To add to this list, the show could not be made possible without a recording environment, such as cameras, a studio to work in, lighting, sound effects, props, costumes, equipment for colouring, and fonts for messages.The audience has a lot to do with the success of the show. The writers for Home Improvement have to look at the show as a audience member would. If it does not run smoothly a nd does not show an environment that the audience may not find interesting, can accept the popularity of the show.Home Improvement is about, a five member normal family that is faced everyday problems, involving either the children or the adults. Tim Taylor, (played by Tim Allen) is a clumsy, hilarious man, who is in passionateness with tools, hosts a television show called Tool Time, while raising three hormonally - charged boys into responsible adults, Brad, ( Zacery Ty Bryan ) and Randy, ( Jonathan Taylor Thomas ) who are always chasing the girls, and Mark ( Taran Noah Smith ) as quoted from an ABC PRIMETIME article, along with the help of his understanding wife Jill (played by Patricia Richardson .) Jill and Tim seem to have a healthy relationship between the two of them.Meanwhile, Wilson, the Taylors fantastic neighbour, serves as a teacher or a guide for Tim, or anyone else who has a problem. Wilson is always there when Tim needs to talk.Al Borlan, ( Richard Karn ) is Tims best friend, and also his co-worker on the television show Tool Time.Heidi, is the Tool Time Girl who always introduces Tim Taylor for the show Tool Time. Every episode the audience expects a on-going scenario, for example Tim always getting hurt or Al always to be joked upon, these are the parts of the show, that the views keep wanting to come back to watch.

home improvement :: essays research papers

Home ImprovementTo construct a sitcom, like Home Improvement, there are certain media concepts that the testify must take into consideration to begin with building a set, and script. The medium that is chosen determines the format of the text, money limits construction, and the audience limits construction, as well as the lifestyles, and values of the audience. The writers of the show check to determine what talk is used in the script, for example the language and word choice that is used. The script also includes choosing a plot, setting, characters, and narrators. To add to this list, the show could not be made possible without a recording environment, such as cameras, a studio to work in, lighting, sound effects, props, costumes, equipment for colouring, and fonts for messages.The audience has a lot to do with the mastery of the show. The writers for Home Improvement have to look at the show as a audience member would. If it does not run smoothly and does not show an environ ment that the audience may not find interesting, can affect the popularity of the show.Home Improvement is about, a five member normal family that is faced day-to-day problems, involving either the children or the adults. Tim Taylor, (played by Tim Allen) is a clumsy, hilarious man, who is in love with tools, hosts a television show called Tool Time, while raising three hormonally - supercharged boys into responsible adults, Brad, ( Zacery Ty Bryan ) and Randy, ( Jonathan Taylor Thomas ) who are always chasing the girls, and Mark ( Taran Noah Smith ) as quoted from an ABC PRIMETIME article, along with the help of his understanding wife Jill (played by Patricia Richardson .) Jill and Tim seem to have a healthy relationship between the two of them.Meanwhile, Wilson, the Taylors unusual neighbour, serves as a teacher or a guide for Tim, or anyone else who has a problem. Wilson is always there when Tim needs to talk.Al Borlan, ( Richard Karn ) is Tims best friend, and also his co-work er on the television show Tool Time.Heidi, is the Tool Time young woman who always introduces Tim Taylor for the show Tool Time. Every episode the audience expects a on-going scenario, for example Tim always getting hurt or Al always to be joked upon, these are the parts of the show, that the views keep wanting to come back to watch.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 42

I Need a Huge FavorOn New Years eve day, after agreeing to buy unlimited beer for our neighbors, Jake manages to trade seats with the season-ticket holder in front of me and once Jake is seated, he props my cast up onto his shoulder so I am able to sit raft during the Falcons game.A fewer minutes into the first quarter, show coach Andy Reid pulls the starters, and the game announcer reports that D all in all(prenominal)as has somehow lost to Detroit, which means that the Birds relieve nonpareilself clinched the NFC East for the fifth time in the last six years and the current game is meaningless. Everyone in the Linc cheers, full(prenominal) fives abound, and it is hard to stay in a seated position.With the starting wide receivers out, I wee my hopes up for Hank Baskett, and he actually does interpret a few balls in the first half, each of which Scott, Jake, and I celebrate excessively beca enforce I am wearing my Baskett jersey over my winter coat, and we all like to a lkali for the undrafted rookie.Its 17 10 Eagles at halftime, and Scott actually leaves the game, saying that he promised his wife hed come home for New Years Eve if the Cowboys lost and the Eagles game became meaningless. I dedicate him a hard time round go forth and am surprised that my comrade does not join in with the ribbing. barely shortly after Scott takes glum, Jake says, Listen, Pat. Caitlin has me way out to this black-tie New Years Eve party at the Rittenhouse Hotel. She was mad at me for going to the game today, and I was sort of thinking about taking off early so I could surprise her. But I dont want to leave you here with the cast and all. So how do you feel about leaving early?Im shocked, and a little mad.I want to see if Baskett gets his second touchdown, I say. But you locoweed go. Ill be all right here with all the real Eagles fans the people who are staying to see the whole game. Its not a very nice thing for me to say, especially since Caitlin is probabl y already dressed and hold for Jake to come home, barely the truth is, I need my brothers help get out of the Linc on crutches. I have a feeling that Baskett will get the ball a lot in the second half, and I know Jake rattling wants to see the game anyway maybe hell be able to use his mentally ill brother as a vertical excuse for missing the first part of Caitlins New Years Eve party maybe this is what Jake really wants and needs. Beer man I yell to the Coors Light guy who is passing our row. When he stops, I say, Only one beer because this guy here is leaving his crippled, mentally batty brother to go to the Rittenhouse Hotel so that he can swill champagne with non-Eagles fans in tuxedos. My brother touch sensations like I punched him in the gut, and soon he is displace out his wallet.All right. Fuck it. Make it two beers, Jake says, and I smile as my brother sits down in Scotts seat and helps me prop my cast up onto the moxie of the empty seat in front of me.Through the s econd half, Baskett continues to catch A. J. Feeleys throws, and early in the fourth quarter my favorite player runs an out, catches the ball, and runs down the sideline eighty-nine yards for the second touchdown of his young career. Jake helps me stand, and then everyone in our section is high-fiving me and slapping my back because over my coat I am wearing the Baskett jersey my brother gave me when I first got out of the bad place.I would later learn that Baskett is the first Eagles player to catch two touchdown passes longer than eighty yards in the like season which is an accomplishment, heretofore if number 84 has only been a marginal player this year.And you wanted to leave, I say to Jake.Go Baskett he says, and then gives me a one-armed sideways hug shoulder-to-shoulder.After the Eagles backup players win the last regular season game, the Birds finish their season at 10-6, locking up at least one home play-off game in the process. I crutch my way out of the Linc with Jake as my fullback, parting the crowds, shouting, Cripple culmination through Cripple coming through Move out the wayWe dont meet up with Cliffs gang until we get back to the fat mens tent and the Asiatic Invasion bus. But when we do, our friends greet us with a Baskett chant because number 84 had a career-high 177-yard day and an 89-yard TD.With play-offs to discuss, everyone is reluctant to leave, so we drink beers and discuss the 8-8 Giants, whom the Birds will play in the first round. When Cliff asks me if I think our team will beat the Giants, I tell my therapist, Not only will the Eagles win, but Hank Baskett will catch another touchdown.Cliff nods and smiles and says, You called it before the season even started Hank Baskett is the manJake leaves first because he and Caitlin have that hotel New Years Eve party to attend, so we all flip fun of him and call him whipped but even though he is leaving us for his woman, I give him a hug and thank him again for staying, getting me a season ticket, and paying for the play-off tickets too, which are bewitching expensive. And I know Jake has forgiven me for making him miss the second Dallas game, because he hugs me back and says, No problem, brother. I issue you. Always. You know that.After Jake leaves, we drink beers for another half hour or so, but eventually many of the guys admit they too have New Years Eve plans with their wives, and I take the Asian Invasion bus home to New Jersey.The Eagles have won the last five games and the NFC East, so theres no stopping Ashwini from blowing the Asian Invasion bus horn when he pulls up to my parents house, and when he does, the chant blares loudly E-A-G-L-E-S EAGLES which brings my mother to the door.Standing on the front step, Mom and I wave as the green bus pulls away.We eat a late New Years Eve dinner together as a family, but even after another Eagles win and with Super Bowl hopes alive, my father doesnt say much, and he heads for his study before Mom finishe s her meal, probably so he can read historical fiction.Just before the ball drops on Dads wide flat- overwhelm television, Mom asks me if I want to go outside and bang pots and pans like we apply to do when I was a kid. I tell Mom I dont really want to bang pots and pans, especially since I am tired from consumption the day outside in the cold, so from the couch, we watch people celebrating in Times Square.Two thousand and six becomes 2007.Its going to be a safe(p) year for us, Mom says, and then forces a smile.I smile back at Mom, not because I think it is going to be a good year, but because my father went to bed an hour ago, Nikki never came back, theres not even the slightest inclination to suggest that 2007 is going to be a good year for every Mom or me, and yet Mom is nonetheless sweating to find that silver lining she taught me about so long ago. She is still place on to hope. Its going to be a good year, I say.When Mom falls asleep on the couch, I turn off the televis ion and watch her breathe. She still looks pretty, and seeing her resting so peacefully makes me angry at my dad, even though I know he cant change who he is, but I inclination that he would at least try to appreciate Mom more and spend some quality time with her, especially since he doesnt even have the Eagles to be grumpy about anymore, because the season is already a success regardless of what happens in the play-offs, especially after making it this far without McNabb. And yet I know my father is not likely to change, because I have known him for thirty-five years, and he has always been the same man.Mom tucks her knees and elbows in close to her corpse and begins to shiver, so I push myself up, grab my crutches, and crutch my way over to the closet. I pull a blanket from the bottom of the closet, crutch my way over to Mom, and cover her but she continues to shiver. Back at the closet, I see a heavier blanket on the top shelf, so I reach up and pull it down. It falls on top o f my head just after I stress a little crash. I look down, and by my feet is a television receivercassette in a fresh plastic case that has two ringing bells on the cover.I crutch my way over to my mother and cover her with the heavier blanket.It is hard to pick up the cassette with my cast preventing me from diddly-squat I actually have to sit down on the narration to pick it up. After sliding over to the TV, I slip the cassette into the VCR. I look over my shoulder, checking to make sure that Mom is sleeping soundly, and then turn down the volume before I hit PLAY.The video is not solely rewound, and the part that pops up on-screen is the beginning of the reception dinner. Our guests are seated in the banquet room of the Glenmont Country Club, which is near a golf course in a swanky little town just outside Baltimore. The camera is focused on the entrance doorway, but you can see the dance floor and the band too. Using the micro retrieve, the lead singer says, Lets introduc e the wedding party Philly style, at which point the horn section of the band begins playing the opening notes of Gonna disappear Now The guitarist and bassist and drummer soon begin playing, and even though it doesnt sound exactly like Rockys theme song, its close enough to get the job done.Parents of the groom, Mr. and Mrs. Patrick PeoplesOur guests position politely as my mom and dad cross the dance floor arm in arm, and the painful expression on my fathers face suggests that this was one of the smite experiences of his life being announced at my wedding.Parents of the bride, Mr. and Mrs. George Gates.Nikkis parents do a little skipping routine into the banquet hall, making them look sloshed, which they were, and I laugh thinking about how much fun my in-laws were when they drank. I really do miss Nikkis parents.Bridesmaid, Elizabeth Richards, and groomsman, Ronnie Brown.Liz and Ronnie come out waving to our guests, as if they are royalty or something, which was strange, and the tactic all but mutes their applause. Ronnie looks young in the video, and I think about how he was not yet a father, how Emily did not even exist when this video was shot. wetnurse of honor, Wendy Rumsford, and best man, Jake PeoplesJake and Wendy walk across the dance floor and directly toward the camera until their faces are life-size on my fathers huge flat-screen television. Wendy just sort of screams like she is at an Eagles game or something, but Jake says, I love you, brother and then kisses the camera lens, leaving a lip-shaped smudge mark. I see the videographers hand make out and quickly wipe the lens with a piece of cloth.And now, for the first time ever, allow me to introduce Mr. and Mrs. Pat PeoplesEveryone stands and cheers as we walk into the banquet room. Nikki looks so pretty in her wedding dress. Shes holding her head in that cute, shy position, with her chin close to her chest, and seeing her now makes me cry because I miss her so much.When we go forward to the dance floor, the band shifts gears, and I hear those sexy synthesizer chords, faint high-hat taps, and then the soprano saxophonist steps forward and Songbird takes flight.Something in my promontory begins to melt, and it feels as though I am experiencing an ice-cream headache or as if someone is churning my brain with an ice pick. Im not seeing the television screen anymore, Im seeing the road through a fogged windshield, and its raining something fierce. Its not even four in the afternoon, but its as dark as midnight. Im befuddled because we have a big game coming up and yet the gym roof is leaking again like a sieve, which has forced me to cancel basketball game practice.All I want to do is take a shower and then watch game tapes.But when I enter my house, I hear a soprano sax moaning, and its strange to hear Kenny Gs smooth jazz coming from my bathroom at a time like this. Mr. Gs notes are swirling all about. I open the bathroom door I feel the steam lick my skin, and I wonder why Nikki is listening to our wedding song in the shower. Kenny Gs solo has reached a climax once more. The CD player is on the sink, and two piles of clothes rest on the floor, and a pair of mens glasses are on the sink next to the CD player. Sexy synthesizer chords, faint high-hat taps.You fucking whore I scream as I rip the shower curtain off the rod, exposing so much awful, soapy flesh.Im standing in the tub. My hands are around his throat. Im between them now, the shower is disperse the back of my coat with hot spokes, weighing down my sweatpants, and he is in the air, begging me with his eyes, pleading for a breath of air. His hands are trying to ameliorate my grip, but he is a tiny, weak man. Nikki is screaming Kenny G is playing Nikkis lover is turning purple. Hes so small, I can hold him up against the tiles with one hand. I cock my elbow back, squeeze a tight, teeth-shattering fist, and take aim. His nose explodes like a packet of ketchup. His eyes are rolling int o the back of his head his hands have fallen away from mine. When I cock back my fist a second time, the music stops playing, and then Im on my back in the tub and Nikkis naked lover has fallen out of the tub and naked Nikki is holding the CD player in her trembling hands. When I try to stand, she smashes the CD player over my head once more my knees give out, and I see the silver faucet rise like some fat, undimmed snake to strike the hard spot just above my right eyebrow, and then I wake up in a hospital and at a time begin vomiting all over myself, until nurses arrive and tell me not to move my head. And Im crying and calling for Nikki, but she does not come to me. My head hurts so badly. When I touch my eyebrow, I feel some sort of bandage, but then my hands are being forced to my sides. The nurses are screaming and holding me down, and then doctors are restraining me too. I feel a prick in my arm, and When I blink, I see my reflection in the blank television screen. The vid eo has ended. I look life-size on my fathers flat screen, and I can see my mother asleep on the couch, just over my right shoulder. As I continue to stare at myself, my little white scar begins to itch, but I do not really want to smash my forehead with my fist.I find my feet and crutch my way into the kitchen. The address book is still in the cabinet above the stove. I place a call to Jakes apartment. As the phone rings, I look at the microwave and see that it is 254 a.m., but I remember that Jake is at a swanky hotel party and wont be home until tomorrow, so I decide to leave a message.Hello, youve reached Jake and Caitlins machine. Please leave a message after the beep. Beep.Jake, its your brother, Pat. I need a huge favor

Motivation is a very significant part of any sporting performance at any level Essay

We ar going to need big characters out there who can dig deep and show real fight and courage.(Clive Woodward)Motivation is a very significant part of any cavorting consummation at any level. Motivation can be defined as, a physiological make to fulfil a particular need (Davis et al, 1991). Sporting performers can either be intrinsically or extrinsically motivated.This is dependent on what the sportsman is motivated by. inalienable can be defined as, pure love of the sport (Wesson et al, 2000). This would probably apply more to beginners and novices because you are some what interested in the sport, whereas elite athletes and professionals are often extrinsically motivated as there are big prizes to be one when sport is done to an elite level. As suggested by Davis et al,1998 extrinsic demand stems from other people, through positive and negative reinforcement, and from tangible rewards such as trophies and money.There are a few theories that are linked to motivation concerning stimulus and its influence on a histrions performance. The Drive Theory (Hull, 1943) suggests that as the level of arousal increases the quality of the performance should increase. This means that the arousal and performance are directly proportional, this is very true to a certain extent however it does have a limitation as it does not take into rumination over arousal which would have an effect on the performance. A theory that did take this into consideration is the inverted U Hypothesis (Yerkes and Dodson, 1908). This theory suggested that increased arousal improves performance only to a certain point after which further increased levels of arousal leave behind have an adverse effect.As you can try out from the Inverted U Hypothesis over arousal causes performance levels to drop.A This is when the participant is under aroused is not at optimum performance.B This is the where the participant is at optimum arousal level and is performing to the best of his/her ability.C This where the participant is over aroused and again not performing to his potential.Most sports bear different levels of arousal, for example a fine experient sport like snooker would require very low levels of arousal whereas a gross skilled sport like lashing would require a very high level of arousal. For this reason a graph called the Inverted U theory and project Type was created.The inverted U are specific for different sportsA a fine skilled sport such as snooker.B a moderate skilled sport such as football.C a gross skilled sport such as boxing.The small red box at the top of each inverted U is the zoof ().There are two categories that people fit into. These include NaF (need to avoid failure) and NAch (need to achieve). A NaF mortal is a person who is motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience the feelings of shame or humiliation that will result if failure occurs. This person introvert and would be withdrawn, nervous and would not appreciate feedbac k. Whereas a HAch person is someone who is motivated to achieve success for the feeling of pride and satisfaction they will experience, this person is lightly to be a extravert and would be out-going, enthusiastic and would like feedback.There are different ways to motivate these two types of people. For a NAch person, if wanted to keep them motivated you would give lots of feedback and be quite critical about their performance, this is because in the long run it would aid performance. You would also curry task orientating goals and maybe make him/her some sort of leader. Internal factors are unremarkably what motivate a NAch person. For a NaF person you would dwell on the positive points of his/her performance, you would also set very easily reachable goals to avoid any failure and ultimately to boost confidents. External factor are usually what motivates a NaF person.To set goals there is a specific process that is devise specially to ensure not to demotivate the participant.Spe cific to the sport, the individual or the level at which the sport is bei being performed.Measurable to be able to measure the progress towards achieving the goals.Achievable to prevent far fetched goals that will just demotivate the team/ team/sportsman.naturalistic to prevent far fetched goals that will just demotivate the team/ team/sportsman.Time-phased specified to individual needs.Exciting to maintain motivation.Recorded to ensure the agreement.(S.M.A.R.T.E.R.)In all sport motivation is one of the most important things to aid a successful performance.In conclusion, referring back to the question motivation can be responsible for enhancing betting performance in all competitive games. This is true if I look back to all my reasoning above.

Attachment †Psychology Essay

DevelopmentalPsychologyEarly Social Development auxiliary fastening An turned on(p) bond amid two people. It is a two- airprocess that endures over time. It persists to certain doingss such as clinging and proximity-seeking andserves the function of protecting the infant. Primary bond certificate figureThe person who has formed the closest bond with a nipper, justt againstd by the intensity of the relationship. Usu every last(predicate)ythe biological mformer(a), but other people tail assembly execute the role. Learning theoryA root of write ups which justify behaviour in termsof learning rather than any innate or higher ordaintendencies. Mainly used by behaviourists who rather focustheir explanations purely on what behaviour they observe.Learning hypothesisClassical Conditioning (Pavlov)Unconditioned Stimulus (US) provenderUnconditioned Response (UR) pleasureNeutral Stimulus (NS) the feederConditioned Stimulus (CS) food from a feederConditioned Response (CR) pleas ure/ concomitantLearning Theory Operant Conditioning Reinforcement When doing someaffair results in a pleasantconsequence, the behaviour is to a greater extent plausibly to be produced. Punishment When doing something results in an nastyconsequence, the behaviour is unlikely to be produced. Dollard and Miller (1950) explain appurtenance using operant conditioning When an infant is fed it reduces discomfort and increases pleasure, this serves as a reinforce and is the primaryreinforcer. The person supplying the food is associatedwith avoiding discomfort and is the source of reward whichbecomes the secondary reinforcer. chemical bond occursbe theatrical roleface the child seeks the person who supplies thereward.Evaluating the Learning Theory StrengthsIt passel countenance adequate explanations of how accessorys form. Behaviourists argue that since we argon made up of the same building blocks of stimulus/response environments experiments done on animals ar safe to generali ze to adult male behaviour. Weakness It may be attention and responsiveness from the health business organisation provider that is the primary reinforcer, not food. Learning theory is largely ascendantd on studies with non-human animals. Human behaviour may be mistakable in many ways but learning theory does not consider higher order thinking and emotions that can influence behaviour. Har wretched (1959) demonstrated that it is not food but the level of contact and comfort the infant receives that increases attachment levels. The use of young rhesus monkeys were used to demonstrate this. 60 babies were studied in Glasgow and run aground that attachment was higher to the person who was most responsive and who interacted with them more (Schaffer and Emerson,1964).Cant explain the immenseness of sensitiveness in attachment.Bowlbys extension Theory (1969) ELEMENTS OF BOWLBYS ATTACHMENT THEORY Attachment is adaptive and innate Bowlbys theory is an evolutionary theory because it sees attachment as a behaviour that adds to its survival andultimately its reproductive value. Having attachmentcapabilities is an innate drive, similar to imprinting, that has colossal term benefits ensuring it stays close to its c aregiver. Background on the Theory of Evolution Adaptive behaviours are behaviours that increase thelikelihood of survival and reproduction. Natural endurance is the continuation of these adaptive traits within the animal to increase chances of survival. Sexual selection is the ability to reproduce, not just survive. Adaptive genes that lead to possessing traits to assist inreproduction increases sexual selection.Bowlbys Attachment Theory Sensitive Period A biologically determined period of time during the second quarter of the first year is the most crucial period in which attachments can be made. at once missed then it is more difficult for a child to exact attachments and demonstrate complaisant difficulties. pull offgiving is adaptive Not onl y attachment but likewise sympathize withgiving is adaptively innate. Social releasers from the infant give signals to the caregiver (smiling, let loose, etc) to take care of it. Attachment is the innate system in babies and caregiving is the innate system in adults. Secure base Having a detain attachment provides a child with a secure base in which to explore the world from. It harbors liberty, not dependence. Monotropy and hierarchy Infants form a sum up of different attachments but has one particular bias towards a very special one called the primary attachment, this is called monotropy. Even with secondary attachments, this hierarchy of attachments recognizes the importance of a primary attachment figure (PAF). The PAF is one that responds most sensitively to the childs social releasers. Secondary attachments are important, without them, children tend to lack social skills.Bowlbys Attachment Theory Internal working model A mental model of the world that enables individua ls to predict and control their environment. The internalworking model based on attachment has severalconsequences In the short-term it gives the child insight into the caregivers behaviour and enables the child to influencethe caregivers behaviour so that a true partnership canbe formed. In the long-term it acts as a template for all future relationships because it generates expectations abouthow people behave. The continuity hypothesis The idea that ruttishly secure infants go on to beemotionally secure, trusting and socially arbitrary adults.Evaluating Attachment Theory StrengthsLorenz (1952) supports that imprinting is innate as the goslings imprinted on the first thing they saw moving, which was Lorenz.Research sees that once the sensitive period has passed and no attachments are formed, children dis dictation social difficulties with peers. If attachment and caregiving are an important biological function as Bowlby suggests then they would be found universally. Tronick et al (1992) studied an African tribe in Zaire and found despite tribal responsibility for raising kids a PAF is present. This is also evidence of monotropy.Schaffer and Emerson found that the more quickly a caregiver responded to a childs needs and the more interaction they had led to a stronger level of attachment. This interaction is important as it is not enough to have something to cuddle but to actually be cuddled back builds a stronger attachment.The Minnesota longitudinal study (2005) found that continuity between too soon attachment and later emotional/social behaviour. Infants classified as secure were later rated highest for social competence, less isolated, more sympathetic and more popular.Evaluating Attachment Theory Weaknesses Multiple attachments, according to psychologists, are as equally important. There are no primary or secondaryattachments, all attachments are integrated into one singleworking model. However, a review the research points to thehierarchical mode l as being predominant (Prior and Glaser,2006).An alternative explanation to the continuity hypothesis exists, known as the temperament hypothesis. This is the belief that children form secure attachments simply because they have a more easy temperament from birth, whereas more innately difficult children a more likely to form insecure attachments. The infants temperamental characteristics shapes a mothers level of responsiveness. Thomas and Chess (1977) identified infant genius types as easy, difficult and slow-to-warm-up. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found a link between physiological behaviours and later attachments types. The more calm and less anxious (aspects of temperament) an infant was the more likely they were to develop secure attachments.Types of Attachment The oddish Situation (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969)http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHUAim to see how infants behave under situations of accentwith the introduction of a unknown region and the time interval ofthe parent. This tests stranger anxiety and separationanxiety and also the infants willingness to explore with its secure base.Procedure a 99 research room label off into 16 squareswas used. The procedure consists of 8 episodesMEMORISE THEMData is collected by a group of observers that recordedwhat the infant was doing every 15 seconds. observernoted the type of behaviour and level of intensity on ascale of 1-7.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation Findings Ainsworthcombined data from several studies tomake 106 middle-class infants observed.Similarities and differences were found in the waythe infants behaved. In terms of similarities, it wasnoted that episode 2 onwards exploratorybehaviour decreased while crying increased.Proximity-seeking and contact-maintainingincreased during separation and when strangerappeared. Finally, contact-resisting and proximityavoiding behaviours rarely occurred towards the caregiver prior to separation.Types of Attachment The Strange Situation Findi ngsAinsworth found differences in three main types of children. Insecure-avoidant this is a behavior of attachment characterising those children that tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. Secure attachment this is a strong and contented attachment of an infant to his or her caregiver which develops as a result of sensitive responding by the caregiver to the infants needs.Insecure-resistant this is a style of ambivalent attachment characterisingchildren who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction.Main and Solomon (1986) re-analysed the strange situation video tapes and created a fourth attachment typeInsecure-disorganised these infants lack a coherent and consistent strategy for dealing with the stress of separation.Secure% of infants(Ainsworth, 1978)% of infants (VanIjzendoorn et , 1999)InsecureavoidantInsecureresistantInsecuredisorganised66%22%12%XXX62%15%9%15%Evaluating Types of Attachment StrengthsAinsworths Strange Situation technique has given psychologists a means to understand and study attachment which can lead to new future findings. treatment strategies have been developed to strengthen caregiving behaviour and attachments types. The Circle of Security Project (Cooper et al, 2005) which teaches caregivers to recognise signs of distress showed a decrease in disordered caregiving and an increase in secure attachment types.It has proven to be experimentally valid as its construct validity has been demonstrated by other studies supporting the four types of attachments and its prophetic validity has been demonstrated in correlations between early attachment types and later behaviours. Its findings are also consistent which makes them reliable. Using interobserver reliablity rules, Ainsworth found almost perfect commensurateness at . 94 between the raters (1.0 is perfect). Weakness Or does it lack validity, because it is intended to measure the attachment type of an infant, BUT does it really simply measure the linea ment of a particular relationship? Main and Weston (1981) claim it is measuring one relationship instead of something innate within an individual. Evaluating Types of Attachment Effects of attachment types Bowlbys continuity hypothesis would predict that a childs behaviour later in life would be effected by specificattachment types they develop. Prior and Glaser (2006) found that in later childhood, if as infants they developed a secure attachment type, they wouldbe less emotionally dependent and possess moreinterpersonal harmony. Infants with the other three typeswould be more aggressive, negative withdrawn in laterchildhood. It would also effect you in your adult romantic lives as well. Hazen and Shaver (1987) conducted the Love Quiz whichasked questions about early experiences and current loveexperiences and found that there were characteristicpatterns of later romantic behaviour associated with eachearly attachment type.Evaluating Types of Attachment Factors that influence attac hment typeSensitivity Ainsworth developed the Maternal Sensitivity Scale to rate mothers behaviour such as sensitivity and insensitivity to infants signals. The scale foundSecurely abandoned infantObservedMothers bxInsecurelyattached infantAvoidant infantResistant infantmore sensitive,cooperating insensitive tocrying lessaffectionateMore rejecting andless attentiongivingPreoccupied withroutine activities whenholding infantMaternal reflective functioning approximately studies have shown low correlations between measures of sensitivity and strength of attachment. Slade et al (2005) found the ability to understand what someone else is thinking or feeling may be more important.Temperament May play a role as previous research indicates, but it is unclear.Cultural Variations in Attachment KNOW the definitions of culture, heathenishvariations and the difference betweenindividualistic and collectivistic cultures (pg.45) Cross- pagan Similarities AinsworthsUganda study (1967) Tronick et al (1992) study on the African tribe inZaire hoax (1977) infants in Isreali kibbutz raised bynurses when tested in the Strange Situationappeared equally attached to both caregivers,except in the reunion behaviour where theyshowed great attachment to their mothers.Cultural Variations in Attachment Cross-cultural Differences Grossman and Grossman (1991) found that German infants appear more insecurely attached rather than secure. This may be due to the different childrearing practices as German culture involves keeping some interpersonal distance from the parent and infant. Takahashi (1990) used the Strange Situation on a group of 60 middle-class infants in Japan and found similar rates of secure attachment. However, the infants showed no evidence of insecure-avoidant and high rates of insecureresistance (32%). Different childrearing practices can explain the difference for in Japan the infants are rarely ever separated from their parents which is why they would be more distressed th an their American counterparts. Conclusions These studies suggest that the strongest attachments are restrained formed with their mothers and that there are differences in attachment that can be related to differences in cultural attitudes. Meta-analysis study by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) examined over 2000 Strange Situation classification studies in 8 countries. They found the variation between countries and culture were small with secure attachment being the most common in all countries followed by insecure-avoidant except in Japan and Israel. Variations within cultures however were greater. In conclusion the findings appear to be similar to that found in the US and this supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process. Also data collected on different subcultures should not be generalised to be representative of a particular culture.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Culture biasRothbaum et al (2000) argued that attachment theory andre search is not relevant to other countries because it is rooted in American culture. For example, the sensitivity hypothesis reflects western ideas of autonomy whereas in Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence. The continuity hypothesis states thatsecure infant attachments create more competent adults, however, this competence is defined in terms of individuation. The secure base hypothesis in the west explains secure attached infants as independent and confident exploring whereas in Japan theypromote dependence and the concept of amae and so this canexplain why insecure-resistant behaviours are more typical.Rothbaum concludes that psychologists should produce a set of autochthonic theories that are explanations of attachment that are rooted in individual cultures with a small group of universal principles (infant need for protection) but mostly with childcare practices relating to cultural values.Rothbaum was challenged by Posada and Jacobs (2001) whichshows that attachmen t theory does apply to most cultures.Criticisms of Research on CulturalVariations Criticisms of cross-cultural research Testsof procedures used may not be equally validin the country and may make the culture appearinferior or abnormal. This is an example ofimposed etic. This is when a research method isused in one culture as yet thought it was designed tobe used in another (intelligence tests or observations). The group that was tested may not berepresentative of the culture and yet researchersmight make generalisations about the whole cultureor even the whole country.Disruption of Attachment Effects of SeparationSpitz and Wolf (1946) observed 100 children in an institution became severely depressed after a few months.Skeels and Dye (1939) found similar children scored lower on intelligence tests.Bifulo et al (1992) found that negative effectuate of deprivation may occur later in life. When 249 women who had lost their mothers forwards they were 17 were studied, it was found that they were twice as likely to develop depressive/anxiety disorders later in life.Robertsons (1967-73) made films observing the effects of separation in childrenWhen given a high level of emotional care and similar structures to that of their home life, the children exhibited some signs of distress, however, slept well and did not reject their PAF when they were reunited. Some were even reluctant to part with the foster mother which is a sign of a good emotional bond.John, however, was in a nursery and not given such attention. He became withdrawn and gave up on proximity seeking bx. When he was reunited with his mother he rejected her for months and demonstrated outbursts of anger towards her.Disruption of Attachment Physical and Emotional Disruption As the research evidence shows differences in the way physical and emotional attention is given can producenegative effects in children. However, there are studiesthat show these ill effects can be reversed. Sigvardsson (1979) studied o ver 600 adopted children in Sweden and at the mount of eleven, 26% of them wereclassified as caper children. However in a follow up study, ten years later they were no worse off than the mean(a) population. So when alternative emotional care is provided, ill effects of separation can be reversed. However, for somechildren disruption of attachment leads to permanentdifficulties. To criticise the validity of the research consider that they are based on case studies. Weakness of case studies arethat they are based on generalisations and they depend onobjectivity of the observers and are prone to observer bias.Failure to Form Attachment Isolated children Privation is the lack of having any attachments due to the failure todevelop such attachments early in life. GenieThe Czech twinsLocked in a room by her father until she was 13. When discovered she could not stand erect or speak. She was disinterested in people and never vulcanised socially.Locked away by their step-mother until the age of 7. Were looked after by their sisters and by 14 had normal social and intellectual capabilities. By 20 they had above average intelligence andexcellent social skills.EvaluationWas unclear whether or not Genie was retarded at birth or if she ever formed an attachment with her mother. The Czech twins may have formed attachments to each other to compensate for complete lack of care. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions based on only these cases.Failure to Form Attachment Institutional CareMultiple studies show that the effects of institutionalisation within children is acute distress.Longitudinal studies have been conducted to see what long term effects arecaused by institutionalisation.Hodges and Tizard (1989) followed a group of 65 British children from early life to adolescence. Children have been place in an institution from before they were 4 months old. Children have not yet formed attachments at this age. An early study found that 70% of the children were not able to care deeply for anyone.The children were assessed regularly up to the age of 16. Some children remained while most were adopted or restored with their original families. The restored children were less likely to develop an attachment with their mothers but the adopted ones were as closely attached to their adopted parents as the control group. However, both groups had problems with peers and showed signs of disinhibited attachment.These findings suggest that early privation had negative effects on the ability to form relationships even when given good subsequent emotional care. If failure to develop attachments after the sensitive period occur it can have an irreversible effect on emotional teaching.Failure to Form Attachment Effects of Privation and Institutionalisation Attachment disorder This has been recognised as a psychiatric condition and has been included in the DSMIV. There are two kinds of attachment disorder, inhibited and disinhibited. Children with an attachment diso rder have no PAF, cant interact or relate to others before the age of 5 and have experienced severe neglect or frequent changes in caregivers. Poor parenting skills Harlows monkeys that were raised with surrogate mothers went on to become unforesightful parents. Also, Quinton et al (1984) found similar findings when he compared 50 women who had been raised in institutions. When the women were in their 20s the ex-institutionalised mothers were experiencing extremedifficulties acting as parents. Deprivation dwarfism Physical evidence by Gardner (1972) that institutionalised children are physically underdeveloped, potentially caused by stress hormones. Evaluation In the study of Romanian children, one-third recovered well despite not establishing a PAF prior to the sensitive period. Therefore, privation alone cannot explain negative outcomes. This suggests that damage occurs when there are multiple gamble factors (Turner and Lloyd, 1995). Not sure if the children failed to form att achments early in life. Maybe they did and the problems they experienced later were more related to rejection.Impact of Day CareDay Care the form of temporary care not given by the family or someone well known to the child and usually outside of the home.Social ontogeny the aspect of a childs growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns to relate to others and with the process of socialisation, the child learns social skills appropriate to the society. Negative effects on social development Meta-analysis from findings of 88 studies supports Bowlbys research that prolonged separation from the PAF leads to maladjustment. Violata and Russell (1994) concluded that regular twenty-four hour period care for more than 20 hrs a week had an unmistakable negative effect on socio-emotional development, behaviour and attachment of young children. NICHD in USA conducted a longitudinal study of over kB children. Parents were interviewed regarding the effects of regular day care. The study showedthat the more time a child pass in day care, regardless of quality, the adults rated them as more unmanageable and aggressive (NICHD, 2003). The children in day care were 3 times more likely to demonstrate behavioural problems than children that were cared by their mothers. Melhuish (2004) found evidence that children with high levels of day care in the first two years of development had elevated risks of developing anti-social behaviours. The Minnesota longitudinal study demonstrated the more securely attached infants are the more popular with peers they become. So therefore, the more insecure an infant, more peer related problems could be expected. Belsky and Rovine (1988) assessed attachment in children in day care and found that were more likely to be insecurely attached compared to children at home.Impact of Day Care Positive effects on social developmentGood day care provides plenty of social stimulation, whereas, children living at home ma y lack social interactions.Brown and Harris (1978) found depressed mothers contributedtheir low moods to being isolated at home with children.Depressed mothers are likely to form insecure attachments with their children which would have a negative effect on their children. Therefore, the independence gained with having a child in day care is a way to prevent this.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) studied 150 children and found they were consistently more pliable and independent.The EPPE followed 3000 children in pre-schools and foundincreased sociability (Sylvia et al, 2003).Day care exposes children to their peers thus enabling them to develop socialstrategies (negotiate and make friends). Field (1991) found a positive correlation between the amount of time in day care and the number of friends children have once they enter school. Also, those that started day care before 6 months were more sociable than those that started later.Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses of research on day careWhen evaluating the research, one must consider thecircumstances under which one can find positive or negativeoutcomes.Prodromidis (1995) found no correlation between Swedish children in day care and assault.Freidman from NICHD explains the aggression study actually shows that day care children may be more aggressive than non-day care, but still 83% of children in day care between 10 -30 hours a week show no signs of aggression.Second important finding from the NICHD research is that the mothers sensitivity to the child, higher maternal education and income all play a more important role in decreased behavioural problems than the amount of time in day care.Finally, the findings are not causal. The data cannot show that day care caused aggression only that there is a link between the two. Therefore, the data suggests that childrens development is more strongly affected by factors at home than those in day care (Belsky et al, 2007).Evaluating Research on Day Care Weaknesses o f Research on Day Care Cannot apply a cause relating to peer relations aswell, only a link. For example, shy and unsociablechildren have mothers that are shy andunsociable, therefore, its possible that moreoutgoing parents/children that go to day care. A lot of research supports the idea that day carealone has no direct effect on development andthat there are other factors involved. Gregg et al(2005) analysed findings from the Children of the90s study and concluded that for the majority ofchildren, maternal employment in their first 3years of life had no indecorous effects on behaviour.Evaluating Research on Day Care Mediating FactorsQuality of CareIndividual DifferencesAs the quality of care decreases it is expected that the attachment type will become poorer. NICHD study (1997) found that low-quality care was associated with poor social development. As parents have different interests in their child, day care staff are less invested and therefore provide a different kind of atten tion. This is reflected in Howes and Hamilton (1992) findingsthat secure attachmentsoccurred in only 50% of day care staff but 70% in mothers.The NICHD study found the more secure a childs attachment level is the better they cope with time spent in day care. However, another study showed that insecure children coped better than secure children (showed more aggressive bx) in day care.Childs age and number of hoursGregg et al (2005) found that negative effects were more likely to be found in children starting day care before 18 months of age. However, the order of magnitude of these effects was small.Clarke-Stewart et al (1994) found no difference in attachment between spending a lot of time in day care (more than 30 hours) with those that spend a little time (less than 10 hours).Implications of Research intoAttachment and Day care Attachment Research Attachment research has shown that when separation occurs, negative effects of this separation can be avoided if substitute emotional c are can be provided and links to the PAF are made available. This research has changed the way hospitals handle visiting arrangements and the way institutional care is provided. A second implication is the way the adoptions process is managed allowing babies to be adopted earlier strengthening child/parent attachments (Singer, 1985). Another implication is the improvement of parenting skills, ie, Circle of Security, which improves infant/mother relationships. Finally, attachment research has been used to improve day care quality pore on the importance of secondary attachment figures. Day Care Research As research shows, high quality care leads to positive outcomes. What is highquality care? first gear child-staff ratios 31 is ideal for sensitive care to be given Minimal staff turnover allows for consistent care and decreases anxiety Sensitive emotional care only 23% of carers demonstrated highly sensitive care, 50% was moderate care and 20% were emotionally detached. Qual ified staff qualified managers lead to better social development To ensure high-quality care, legal standards are implemented relating to staff ratio to age of the child, minimum qualifications of staff, Ofsted inspections and finally the sure Start programme.

Summarization of Antonin Scalia-God’s Justice and Ours

theologys Justice and Ours Antonin Scalia opens up his introduction stating he wants to make clear that his moral views on capital penalisation do not have persuasion on how his referendums in capital cases that come to the Supreme Court. Further more, Antonin Scalia is not daunted to state his views on church-state issues and has consistently shown he has scant use for the First Amendments separation of church and state.In an essay he rites titled, Gods Justice and Ours, Scalia explains why he is compelled to support the death penalty despite his churchs immunity to the practice. Moreover, he explains his worldview about how a government acquires moral authority and why the nation-state can permissibly eradicate its own citizens. He concludes that government is an instrument of God and an institution that operates with divine authority behind it.In addition, he goes on to write that people of faith should fght as effectively as possible any move to obscure our governments religi ous underpinnings. However, the complication is that Scalia is one-ninth of this countrys highest Judicial body. He has unique responsibilities that demand strict neutrality and objectivity. While Scalia can be credulous on whatever he wants about issues of faith, he may not practice devotion as the basis for Judicial rulings.In short, he avowed on the give-and-take to uphold the Constitution, not the other way around. In conclusion, Scalia has relinquished any pretense about keeping a healthy distance between the institutions of religion and government. He has consciously and intentionally turned his back on the framework set up by the Founding Fathers, which created a secular government found on a secular Constitution adopted by we the people. Our laws were not created to enforce a divine authority, however according to the Constitution, to form a more perfect union.

Theory of Data Communication

Btec National Unit 8 dialogues Technologies Hand-in date Return date Assessment No 8. Assessment Title The theory of info communicatings This assessment has been intern totallyy verified by Edexcel Hand out date 21/10/10 Hand in date 21/11/10 On going assignment employ as a delivery alsol This assessment provides the opportunity to meet the grading criteria for the unit as indicated in the grid below. Student Name Learner Au indeedtication Statement If you copy from someone else or allow an opposite goatdidate to copy from you, or if you cheat in any flair you may be disqualified from at least the assignment concerned. Any help or information you take hold received from people other than your subject teacher must be clearly identified in the plow itselfAny maintains, information leaflets or other poppycock (eg videos, software packages or information from the internet) which you have apply to help you complete this work must be clearly acknow takeged in t he work itself. To looking material copied from books or other sources without acknowledgement leave behind be regarded as deliberate deception. Declaration by learner I have read and mute the supra statements. I have produced the work without help except for help from my subject lecturer and the help which I have declared in the work itself. I have acknowledged all source material in the work itself.Write suitable materials for Chapter 1, section 1 which apologises the purpose and workings of basic communication devices and the principles of betoken theory. line 1b M1 Explain techniques that idler be utilise to reduce wrongful conducts in transmissions Add a section 2 to your guide (entitled Error underc everyplace work and correction) which explains the techniques that can be used to reduce data transmission wrongful conducts. Task 2 and grading criteria covered TASK 2 P3Describe communication communications protocols used and explain why they are all important(p) D1 vituperatively compare the OSI s notwithstanding social class poseur and the transmission control protocol/IP model Write section 3 (entitled Communication protocols), which should include a description of the communication protocols in common use and explain why protocols are important.Write a sl discontinueer comparison of the OSI seven social class model and the TCP/IP model, commenting on the approach taken and the suitability of each of the models. Guidance notes THIS ASSIGNMENT IS VERY MUCH ABOUT EXPLAINING THE BASIC scheme THAT LIES BEHIND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. THERE ARE LOTS OF SOURCES FOR THIS INFORMATION IN BOOKS AND ON THE INTERNET, BUT REMEMBER WHAT YOU WRITE MUST BE IN YOUR bear WORDS YOU CANNOT COPY MATERIAL DIRECTLY FROM THESE SOURCES.For Task 1a you will need to list the various types of communication devices and explain how they are used. Note that the unit sum makes a distinction between general communication devices, network components (servers, workst ations, NICs, etcetera and inter partnership devices (hubs, routers, switches, etc. ). For this task (covering P1) you should be describing general communication devices, not special(prenominal) components which are covered in Assignment 3. In practice, it might be quite difficult to make this distinction, besides dont spend too much time describing network components in this assignment. In terms of communication devices, the unit content mentions wired devices, such as DTE devices (e. g. , a computer) and DCE devices (such as a modem), and wireless devices (such as mobile phones, PDAs and laptops, etc. ). You need to explain in outline the way these devices can be connected to a network.To cover P2 an story of digital signal theory is required. Refer again to the unit content to see the issues you must cover. For Task 1b you need to write an explanation of the techniques used for error reduction. The only technique mentioned in the unit content is checksums, but other simple te chniques such as parity might also be covered. For Task 2 an explanation of what protocols are, why they are important and physical exertions of ones in common use are required. To achieve D1 you will need to write a detailed comparison of the OSI and the TCP/IP models. This will need to point out the similarities and differences between the two models. LEARNER INSTRUCTIO The theory of data communications By Olateju Famuyiwa This book gives details of the basics of communication devices and methods of communication used inwardly networking and the internet environment. Table of Content selective information Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE)4 Wireless Devices4 The principles of signal theory5 Data5 decimal to Binary5 Data Packets5 asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions6 Bandwidth (Analogue)6 Bandwidth (Digital)6 Section2 Error maculation and correction6 check bit (Odd and Even)6 Cyclic Redundancy cheque (CRC)7 Chapter 27Section3 Communications Protocols7 Hyper Text d islodge Protocol (HTTP)7 Transmission Control Protocol/ meshwork Protocol (TCP/IP)7 rouse Transfer Protocol (FTP)8 Open Systems interconnection (OSI)8 OSI Seven degree Model9 TCP/IP tetrad Layer Model10 Critical Comparison10 The Session Layer (OSI)10 The demonstration Layer (OSI)10 The Application Layer (OSI)10 How OSI builds up applications10 How TCP/IP builds up applications11 Transport Layer (OSI)11 Transport Layer (TCP/IP)11 Comparing Transport for both(prenominal) Models11 net profit Vs. internet. 11 Data Link/Physical Vs. Subnet11 Assignment 8. The theory of data communications I recently just got a job as a junior technician at NetCo NetCo is a company that manufactures networking ironware such as switches, routers, etc Theyre planning to start up a networking academy (rather manage the Cisco cyberspace Academy) and create related qualifications. The project manager has approached me so as to prepare some learning materials for Chapter 1 of the online course. Chap ter 1 is entitled The guess of Data Communications. The chapter will be subdivided into a number of sections. And Ive decided that the materials shall be produced in the form of a Word document. Chapter 1 Section1Identify and explain types of communication devices There are different types of communication devices Communication devices are electronic hardware that interacts (communicates) with each other to perform specific tasks. The technologies that are used to communicate are data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). Another type of communication devices would be Wireless devices. I plan to explain all the above in detail. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) DTE is a form of expression for a device that is at the end of the line. Examples of this could be a modem, network interface beak (NIC), mobile phone or Bluetooth.DTEs differ depending on its purpose, for caseful, with Bluetooth, size and range are an important feature and with mobile phones, the quality and bandwidth are more important. Network cards and modems exist in a range of formats that are designed for a wide range of speeds i. e. bandwidth depending on the type of network be used. Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) DCE and DTE work together by the DTE connecting to the Internet or network service offered by the DCE. This is network equipment which controls the communication. Some examples of these are A Bluetooth dongle in a PC, which is used to synchronise a mobile phone or PDA. A switch in a communications/server room at school, college or work, which will connect all the computers to the Local Area Network (LAN) and the InternetWireless Devices Wireless devices are devices which transmit their data over the air. Types of mobile communication devices would be third (3G) and (2G) group of mobile phones, wireless laptops and wireless PDAs. Wireless networks use the 802. 11x standard. This is the IEEE standard (Institute of Electrical and Electronics E ngineers) which defines the speed of the network and its range. The mobile phone network is a large connection of stations throughout the nation and internationally which allows subscribers to the service to communicate through low bandwidth voice system. The principles of signal theory Data The smallest portion of data is a bit.The word bit comes from Binary Digit which is either a 0 or 1. 0 or 1 means Off or On. This controls hardware within communication devices to perform operations. When bits are grouped together the can become more useful. For example, 8 bits of data will form 1 Byte. Denary to Binary Denary means 10 numbers. In our standard number system we have 10 numbers. These are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Now to convert Denary to Binary, you must know the base 2 rules. These are similar to units, tens, hundreds that primary school children are taught. So for example say I want to convert the denary number 37 into binary. I would do this by taking the number and dividing it by 2 each time Divide by 2 37 Remainder Divide by 2 18 1 Divide by 2 9 0 Divide by 2 4 1 Divide by 2 2 0 Divide by 2 1 0 0 1 Now what I do is take the remainders from the bottom of the table going up 100101. With this I will now do 2 to the power of X, X being 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 etc. 25 24 23 22 21 20 This is the 2x 1 0 0 1 0 1 This is the binary for 37 32 16 8 4 2 1 This is the base 2 ruleNow to check that the binary is correct I will take the base 2 numbers where the binary is a 1 and add them together. I should get the denary number 32+4+1=37 This is how denary is reborn to binary. Data Packets In networking, data must be formed in a package to be able to be transported over a network. software product formats vary for different types of networks. However the term data packet is always used to describe a package. A packet will keep back a minimum of the foundation address, the destination address, data and error control. The foundation address is sent so the destination kno ws who sent the data. The destination address is used to square up the right destination.Data is the actual information being sent. Error control is sent to help identify problems with the data once it has arrived at its destination (see chapter 1b for error detection techniques). Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmissions Asynchronous transmission means that the receiving device must accept the receipt of data before the source device will consign more data. In synchronous transmission, both devices will synchronise with each other before any data is sent. Bandwidth (Analogue) Analogue signals are sine waves which look like the waveform in image 1. Sine waves are know as analogue signals is because they are an analogy of sound waves which travel in the alike(p) way.Analogue bandwidth is the number is cycles that occurs with the sine wave over a period of time, for example in image 1, the wave is 1Hz and occurred within 20ms so the bandwidth is 1Hzpms (1 Hertz per millisecond). S o, finally, the bandwidth of an analogue signal is the difference in frequency between the highest and lowest frequencies contained in the signal. Bandwidth (Digital) Digital bandwidth is different to analogue bandwidth because digital signals are either 0 (off) or 1 (on) and look like squares (see image 1. 2). Digital bandwidth is the quantity of data that can be sent through a transmission over a condition period of time. These are generally measured in Bits per second (bps), Kilobits per second (kbps), Megabits per second (mbps) and Giga bits per second (gbps).Section2 Error detection and correction Parity (Odd and Even) Even Parity checking is usually used for Bytes of data. A parity bit is added to every Byte of data transmitted, whether the ninth bit is 0 or 1 depends on the combination of the other eight bits. If there is an uneven number of 1s then the parity bit will be a 1, if there is an even number of 1s the parity bit will be a 0. There should always be an even number of 1s in the data. For example 1011001 Parity bit = 0 Odd This works the same way as even parity checking, however, instead of the 1s equalling an even number, they should equal an odd number.For example 1011001 Parity bit = 1 Parity checking is easy to apply and can detect errors, however, it cannot correct errors, therefore, if an error is detected the data would need to be transmitted again. This method does not always work, this is because only an odd number of bits in error can be detected, if there is an even number of bits but there is still an error, this will not be detected. For example 1011001 could be transmitted as 1100011. This is not the way that the data should have been transmitted but the error would not be detected because the data has an even number of bits in error. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Cyclic Redundancy Check is an error-detecting system. It performs a long division equivalence where the answer is thrown away and the remainder becomes the result.The d ata is then transferred and the same equation is done at the other end, if the remainder of the equation isnt the same as the receipt, the data is corrupt and therefore rejected. Chapter 2 Section3 Communications Protocols Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that order the distribution of information over the internet. Its use to retrieve hypertext documents, which are inter connectored text documents, led to the development of the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request and response made by the client and server, the client being the end user and the server being the web site. A client that makes a HTTP request using a web browser is known as a User Agent.The server, which stores resources such as HTML files or images, is called the Origin Server. Between the User Agent and the Origin Server may be intermediaries i. e. a negotiator who acts as a link between parties and examples are proxies, tunnels and gateways. HTTP is not controlled by th e TCP/IP model and is the most popular application on the internet. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) The Internet Protocol suite (or TCP/IP) is a set of protocols for communication used for the internet and similar networks. Its name derives from the two most important protocols in it, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which are the first protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite standard.The Internet Protocol Suite may be viewed as a set of layers that work together in the transportation of data from one place to another. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers, from lowest to highest they are the Link Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol is a protocol that is used to transfer data from one computer to another computer or device. FTP is a protocol for file transfer which allows the transfer and change of files over a TCP network. A FTP client connects to an FTP server and the client can then make changes, add or delete files on the FTP server. An example of an FTP client would be the webpage upload feature on Microsoft FrontPage.FTP has been designed so files can be transferred to any FTP server regardless of operating system type or version. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) The Open Systems Interconnections Basic name and address Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI Model) is a description for layered communications and network protocol design. This was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection intelligence. Basically, network architecture has been divided into seven layers. From top to bottom, these layers are Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical This is known as the OSI Seven Layer Model. Each layer is characterized by their formation. These provide services to the layer above and receive services from the layer below it.An example of this would be a layer that can provide error free communications across a network provides the path needed by applications above it. It then calls the next layer below it to send and receive packets that make up the contents. Comparison between the OSI seven layer model and TCP/IP model OSI Seven Layer Model The OSI Seven Layer Model is a model for data transfer through layered communications allowing data from one PC to be able to be read by another PC anywhere in the world. This model packets the data into many layers, an example would be the layers of an onion, so it then transfers itself to another computer where it goes through the same seven layers but in the opposite direction to unwrap those layers.See image 6 for the structure of an OSI Seven Layer Model. These layers dont communicate across to their doppelganger layer on the other computer. If they wish to communicate, they have to go through all the other layers that stand between them and their doppelganger layer. This table to the right is basically explaining wh at each layers job is. (Table obtained from www. humanreffence. com under the download section) TCP/IP Four Layer Model The TCP/IP model captures data to provide idea of protocols and services. Data is captured in the same way as data is within the OSI Seven Layer Model, so data has to be captured on each level in the same way.The OSI Seven Layer model and the TCP/IP model are both similar in that they both use layers to perform tasks. They also have 2 layers that are very similar, the Transport and Network layers. The TCP/IP internet protocol suite has a wide range of protocols working at each layer of the OSI and TCP/IP models. Critical Comparison OSI and TCP/IP are both similar in a few ways, these being that they both work with layers to communicate, they are both a set of rules and they were also developed alongside. The Session Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Session layer allows two devices to hold on going communications called a school term across a network. This is not found in TCP/IP.In TCP/IP, these characteristics are found in the Transport layer. The Presentation Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Presentation layer handles data format information for communications across a network. This is done by converting the information into a common format that both sides can understand. This is provided by the Application layer in the TCP/IP model. The Application Layer (OSI) In the OSI model, the Application layer is the top most layer of the model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications to gain access to services within a network as well as access to network services that support applications at a time e. g OSI FTAM, VT, MHS, DS, CMIP TCP/IP FTP, SMTP, DNS, SNMPAlthough the idea of an application process is common within both, their approach to the task of constructing application entities is very different. How OSI builds up applications OSI demands that distributed applications operate over a strict hierarchy of layers and are construct ed from a tool kit of standardised application service elements, making them compatible. How TCP/IP builds up applications In TCP/IP, each application is created on whatever set of functions it needs beyond end to end transport to support a distributed communications service. roughly of these processes build upon what it needs and assumes that only an underlying transport method (such as a datagram or connection) will be provided. Transport Layer (OSI)In OSI, the Transport layer takes the data that is going to be sent and breaks it down into individual packets that are sent and then reassembled by the Transport layer at the destination. It also provides a signalling service which tells the sender that the destination had received the data has been successfully received. Transport Layer (TCP/IP) In TCP/IP, the Transport layer introduces two transport protocols, TCP and UDP. TCP implements reliable transportation of data whereas UDP doesnt. The reason this is, is because TCP required acknowledgement to ensure that data is sent correctly and successfully. If an error is detected, the packet can be resent. UDP just broadcasts the data without any need for a reply from the destination therefore data transportation will be faster but will be less reliable as errors can occur.Comparing Transport for both Models Transport for both models is very similar as they both contain transfer protocols that required acknowledgement that data has been received by the destination. While this would be slower, this is more effective as data will always end up being sent correctly. Network Vs. Internet. Both OSI and TCP/IP support a connectionless network service. OSIs CLNP is practically identical to the Internets IP. Both are best-effort-delivery protocols. They are virtually identical but the one major difference that sets them apart is that CLNP supports variable length addresses whereas IP supports fixed, 32-bit addresses.

The Life of Louis D. Brandeis

APUSH, Period 5 Louis D. Brandeis Louis D. Brandeis was a police forceyer widely known for his contribution to the progressive movement especially his involvement in the fight against big corporations, monopolies, big trusts etc. Brandies was born into a Jewish family to who resided in Louisville Kentucky. They raised him with relaxed Judaic principles, which did not affect his outlook on animation too strongly. Brandeis enrolled to Harvard Law School graduating with the highest final average in the schools history. His law biography began in Boston as a law clerk to Horace Gray of the Massachusetts Supreme Court.To which he did not have to take an examination mainly due to his high honors. President Woodrow Wilson ultimately establish Brandeis an associate of justice. Louis D. Brandeis was known as the peoples lawyer because of his successful law career that supported the general idea of the average American. Brandeis law career was mostly based on his positive view towards the progressive era/ movement he was a strong advocate on natural rights and exemption of speech, Brandeis supported the union movement, womens rights, and the fight for a minimum wage.Brandeis was in favor of small business and set out to bust the big companies from being monopolies. One of his biggest busts against monopolies was the fight against JP Morgan and his desire for a railroad monopoly in New England. His plan was to eliminate the opposing companies by buying them out. Brandeis would pursue this case for 6 years and the company would ultimately collapse on itself as he predicted. Brandeis did not agree with how life insurance was being inured so he set out to create a new plan for it. He said that the previous insurance plan was just legalized robbery.He created the Savings verify Life Insurance policy, which we can thank him for even today. This is insurance provided by savings banks presumably making it better for the applicant. He said cheaper insurance may rob death of half of its terrors for the worthy poor. Brandeis was in support of the idea of minimum wage on a national level kinda than a state level. He believed that the actor should be guaranteed a minimum pay and hours just like the unions wanted. The case Muller v. Oregon involved the bonk of state v. ederal law in regards to the issue of minimum wage and hours of women. Brandeis fought for the idea of it being on a national level to ensure that all players were treated equally. He succeeded by presenting his idea with a shorter more traditional brief, but with large factual support in documents such as social worker reports, medical conclusions, factory inspector observations, and other expert testimonials to prove his ultimate point that a certain amount of time was harmful for the given worker and that if this were a possibility a higher wage must be presnted.This tactic is called the Brandeis Brief and it is still used in court cases today it on the whole changed the way lawyers display their edvidence. Brandeis was a big leader in supporting the progressive era and the reforms that went along with it. Some things we can thank him for are the legitimation of unions or the right of labor to organize, and the Savings Bank Insurance League. He was overall a big supporter of small corporations rather than large as he set out to bust monopolies including JP Morgan and his quest for the New England railroads.

Ncm 104 Lecture Notes

NCM 104 dermatological DISORDERS I. REVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN also known as the integument which means covering largest pipe organ system barrier between external and internal environment FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN 1) Protection protects from accidental injury (Mechanical, Radiation, Thermal) change whittle on palms and soles provides additional covering against trauma r/t constant use inherent head start prime defense (prevents invasion of microorganisms) secretions(from sebaceous gland) are oily and s murderedly acidic (prevents/limits the mult. of mcgs) 2) concern of Homeostasis prevents excessive redness of water and electrolytes 3) Thermoregulation affected by production of perspiration (dehydration pyrexia) activity constriction (v extravagance of heat) and dilation of blood vessels external BT - consistencys core temperature 4) Reception of stimuli sports stadium in the brain somatosensory CORTEX abundance of dissolve nerve endings and rec eptors * NOCICEPTOR pain * END-ORGAN OF RUFFINI/PACINIAN CORPUSCLE pressure * MECHANORECEPTOR machanical * MEISSNERS CORPUCLES (MERKEL DISCS/CELLS) touch 5) implication of vitamin D helps the uptake of Ca2+ and PO4 in intra boothular level with the aid of sunlight activates Vitamin D to D3 (Cholecalciferol) 6) Immunity/ bring of antigenic substances immunologically mediated defenses against microorganisms Ex. Langerhans mobile phones Keratinocytes 7) Provide an outward come forthance or cosmetic adornment acceptance of the appearance of the throw together, hair, or nail is critical to psychosocial being 8) Excretion unclothe has a vital role in ejection of Na+ and H2O for homeostasis (maintaining balance in the internal environment) STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN LAYERS OF THE SKIN 1) EPIDERMIS avascular in nature Thickness 0. 04 mm (eyelids- hacknest) to 1. mm (palms and soles- thickest) 4 Cell types of the Epidermis a) Keratinocytes 95% engenders Keratin non-water-so luble protein helps create a waterproof barrier function in immunity guard water loss b) Melanocytes laid at the base of the epidermis Produces Melanin responsible for splutter color and absorption of UV light the darker you are, the more protection against cancer acts as an umbrella covering that shields DNA from UV c) Merkels cell It is located at the basal stratum of the epidermis but can usually be located just now with the use of an electron microscope one of the receptors scarcely located in the palms, soles, oral and genital epithelial tissue d) Langerhans cell play a role in cell-mediated immune responses in coordination with T cell originates in the bone marrow and migrates into the epidermis Layers of the Epidermis a) degree Germinativum/Basale innermost cells are columnar in shape where melanin is found in grea foot race amount lies close to the dermis stage cells at the basale layer receives nutrition from the dermis via diffusion and undergo mi tosis every 19 days and senileer cells are festeringhed upward undergoing changes in shape and chemical composition through a process known as keratinization ) Stratum Spinosum cells are maverickly-shaped known as prickle cells (have sharp cytoplasmic projection at the covering) c) Stratum Granulosum cells are nucleated granular cells which contain keratohyalin granules (contain lipids with desmosomal connections which helps to form waterproof barrier) water loss from the body * non responsible for water loss in the pores d) Stratum Lucidum thin transparent layer Skin moisture-can only be seen in thick jumble like the palms and soles immunity e) Stratum Corneum composed of dead keratinized cells (contain keratin -acidic in nature) serves as a durable overcoat of the body DESQUAMATION natural process of breaking apart of dead pare down cells for every 35-35 days, an individual will have a rude(a) epidermal skin Epidermal Appendages a) Eccrine glands stew-producing gla nd thermoregulation can be found throughout the skin but with some exemptions numerous on palms, soles, axilla and forehead not found in vermillion border(junction of the pink battlefield of lips surrounding skin) Lips, Ears, Nailbeds, Glans penis,Labia minora b) Apocrine glands function is not clearly known abundant in the axilla, breast, areola, anoogenital knowledge domain, ear canal, and eyelids c) Sebaceous glands release of sebum (has lubricating and bactericidal effect) can be found all throughout the skin overleap on the palms, soles, and axilla d) Hair a non-viable protein end-product found in all skin waxs except palms and soles e) Nails horny scales of the epidermis 2) DERMIS a dense-layer of tissue beneath the epidermis gives the skin most of its substances and structures 14 mm (thickest dermis is found in the back) has characteristics for -WOUND HEALING because it contains fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes - MAINTENANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM be cause it contains lymphatic, vascular, and nerve write out Layers of the Dermis a) Papillary Layer -upper dermal region with finger-like projections -contains papillary loops (provide nutrients to the epidermis) Pain receptors b) Reticular Layer deepest skin layer contains BV, sweat glands, and deep pressure receptor (Pacinian corpuscles) abundant phagocytes are located as one ages, depleted collagen and malleable fibers -collagen for TOUGHNESS OF EPIDERMIS Elastic fiber for SKIN ELASTICITY 3) SUBCUTANEOUS FAT/ HYPODERMIS AKA adipose layer Functions * Source of energy * Hormone metabolism * Insulation from extreme hot and snappy Cushion to trauma -specialized layer of connective tissue -absent in the eyelids, scrotum, areola, tibia ASSESSMENT OF CLIENTS WITH INTEGUMENTARY DISORDERS A) SUBECTIVE DATA HISTORY fetching assess for pre-existing factors 1) Chief complaint (if Derma conditions already exists) Assessment on itchiness, dryness, rashes, lesions, ecchymosis, lumps & mass Changes in skin, hair, and nails Onset of the condition opposite accompanying symptoms with known cause (pain, fever, swelling, redness) Alleviating factor such as frozen weather 2) Past Health write up Hx of previous derma disorder Previous trauma and symptoms interventions Other systemic illnesses relevant to the skin such as immunologic, endocrine, vascular, renal, or hepatic conditions Age of onset special season/month of the year manipulation done Immunization status Recent exposure to insects/ childhood diseases 3) Known exposure to communicable disease (school, neighbourhood) 4) Travel to foreign countries/places assertable environmental factors that the patient is open(a) to Ex. Poison ivy 5) Medications currently being taken/ has recently finished Photosensitivity drugs- causes sunburn-like rashes in areas of exposureEx. Phenothiazides Tetracyclines Diuretics Sulfonamides topical preparations containing derivatives of ingredients which are kno wn as sensitizing Ex. Neomycin Ethylaminobenzoate/ benzocaine Diphenhydramine HCl 6) Occupation and recreational activities exposure to irritants and chemicals either in the home or environment Ex. Prolonged exposure to the sun Unusual cold exposure 7) Allergies medications or foods assess if after ingestion, complains of itchiness, burning, or eruption of rashes substances that cause local, skin angers/lesions with direct clashing Ex. Textile, Metal (Ni), Wool Allergic reception could trigger skin discoloration & eruption of rashes, skin irritation *oral cortico steroids which may cause Acne breakouts, Thinning of the skin, Stretch marks, and Other systemic manifestations if this is used at last dose or routinely 8) Family health history Family lifestyle and living environment Genetically transmittable Derma conditions such as * Alopecia * Psoriasis * Atopic dermatitis Systemic diseases with derma manifestations such as * DM * LE * lineage dyscrasia 9) Habits (the pat ient as an individual) hygiene practices products/cosmetics use changes in clothing or bedding diet (sufficient using up of nutrients like H2O, vitamins and dietary fats) -Exercise -Sleep patterns which affect circulation, nourishment, and repair of the skin B) OBECTIVE DATA appraise the entire skin sur plaque on head-to-toe including oral mucosa appraise thoroughly use INSPECTION, PALPATION, OLFACTION PHYSICAL APPRAISAL 1) tint areas of irregular pigmentation (hypo/hyperpigmentation) Paleness/pallor Cyanosis Jaundice Assess sclera for a very dark person 2) Texture palpation (stroke the patient with the fingertips lightly to assess texture) popular Smooth, Soft, Resilient, No areas of lumps, No unusual hickening/ turn 3) Moisture hydration level of the skin for both wetness(Fluidity) and oiliness(Sebum) assess INTERTRIGINOUS AREAS (parts which have skin-to-skin contact like axilla & groin) NORMAL Well-hydrated but not excessively moist 4) Temperature use the dor sum of the hand compare hypothermia/hyperthermia with the area on the opposite side NORMAL uniformly warm 5) Turgor skins elasticity the prison term it takes for the skin and underlying tissue to return to its original contour after being pinched up (usually on the abdominal area) -older individuals v skin turgor NORMAL 3 sec ) Odor NORMAL free from pungent odors usually present in the axilla, skin folds, open wounds related to presence of bacteria in the skin 7) Presence and characteristics of Lesions MANIFESTATIONS OF SKIN DISORDERS 1) LESIONS PRIMARY LESIONS first lesions to appear on the skin and has a recognisable structure in response to some changes in the external and internal environment A. Erythema redness and dismission (skin/mucous membrane) result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries Ex. Nervous blush, Sunburn B. Macule unelevated change in color flat 1mm-1cm circumscribed Ex. Freckles, measles, petechiae, flat moles PATCHES larger than 1 cm and may have irregular shape Portwine birthmarks, Vitiligo (White Patches) C. Papule small, circumscribed, solid elevation, 1 mm-1cm Ex. Warts, Acne, Pimple, Elevated moles D. Vesicle circumscribed round or oval thin translucent mass change with serous fluid or blood 1mm-1cm Ex. Herpes simplex, Early fearful pox, Small burn blisters E. Bullae Large blisters (larger than vesicle) Ex. 2nd degree burn, Herpes simplex (Big) F. Pustule Vesicle or bullae filled with pus Ex. Acne vulgaris, Impetigo G. Nodule elevated solid hard mass that extends deeper into the dermis than a papule have a circumscribed border 2cm irregular border Ex. Malignant melanoma, Hemangioma I. Wheal reddened localize collection of edema fluid irregular in shape varies in size Ex. Hives, Mosquito bites J. Plaque raised lesion organise from merging of papules and nodules 1cm Ex. Psoriasis, Rubeolla K. Cyst elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled mass arising from SC tissues 1cm or large r Ex. Sebaceous vesicle, Epidermoid cyst L. Comedo accumulation of sebum and keratin within a hair follicle occurs due to clogging 2 types Open comedo (black head) unkindly comedo (white head) M. Telangiectasia permanent dilation of capillaries in the skin SECONDARY LESIONS develop/occur if changes occur in the primary lesions relate to clients health status, environment, & status of the epidermal layer possible causes Scratching, Rubbing, Medications, infixed disease progression, Process of involution or Healing A. Crust (SCAB) a rough dry area formed by the coagulation of drying plasma or exudates could be a alter sebum, serum, blood, or pus on skin surface producing a temporary barrier to the environment Ex. Impetigo, Eczema, Healing of burns/LesionsB. Scales dried fragments of sloughed epidermal cells irregular in shape and size colors vary from White, Tan, Yellow, to Silver -Ex. Dandruff, change skin, Psoriasis C. ulcer depressed lesion in which entire epider mis and upper layer of dermis are lost could be due to trauma or tissue destruction irregular in shape and exudative Ex. Stasis ulcer D. gap deep linear split through epidermis into dermis Ex. Tinea pedis E. Scar Mark go forth on skin after healing F. Hyperkeratotic Plaque (Callus/ Kalyo) excessive thickness of the epidermal layer caused by chronic friction or pressure ) PRURITUS unpleasant skin sensation that provoke the desire to scratch Skin, Certain MM, Eyes, Perineum, Nostril, External ear canal r/t mechanical stimulation of chemical go-between r/t systemic disease Chicken pox, Severe liver disease, DM , Uremia 3) annoyance stimulation of Nociceptor 4) SWELLING due to release of chemical mediators 5) chromaticNESS due to hyperemia 6) SYSTEMIC ss fever (release of pseudothermoregulators), leucocytosis (WBC) DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 1) LAB TEST a. Tzanck smear Named after Arnault Tzanck Aka Chickenpox riddle/ Herpes skin test A microscopic assessment of fluid and cells from vesicles or bullae Top of vesicle is cut with the use of scalpel so a smear is taken from the base of vesicle using the scalpel Differentiates vesicular disorders may identify a virus (-) reaction vesicle from burns (+) H. unidirectional or Acantholytic cells varicella virus multinucleated giant cells b. KOH test done if the causative agent is suspected to be a fungus the specimen (smear) is treated with 10-20% of KOH before microscopic study Normal or (-) result shows no Fungi (No dermatophytes/yeast) c. Culture done to identify the item microorganisms to determine specific antibiotic treatment 2) SKIN BIOPSY ex. Dermal punch biopsy a sample of skin tissue is removed, processed, & examined under a microscope 4 types 1. Excision Biopsy entire skin area is cut 2. stop up Biopsy a small cylinder of skin is removed 3. Shave biopsy outermost part of a lesion is shave dour with a scalpel 4. Aspiration biopsy indicated for fluid-filled lesion 3) WOODS LIGHT EXAMINATION Skin is viewed under UV light through a special glass (Woods glass ) to identify superficial transmittances of the skin Place the patient in a dark room before examination 4) SKIN examination used to identify substances causing the allergy 3 ways 1. Scratch test aka Puncture/ start test Pricking the skin 2. Intradermal test Similar to Tuberculin test *DURATION OF TEST FOR some(prenominal) SCRATCH AND INTRADERMAL TEST IS 5-10 MINS OR 15 MINS 3. Patch Test the allergen is placed on a patch then placed on the skin Duration 48 hours (2 days) 4 TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TYPE I (ANAPHYLACTIC/IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY) may involve the skin (disorders such as urticarial or eczema), eyes (conjunctivitis), nasopharynx (rhinorrhea/ rhinitis), bronchopulmonary tissues ( asthma attack), GIT (gastroenteritits) rxn may range from minor inconveniences to death (r/t bronchopulmonary constriction-vO2) takes 15 to 30 minutes from the time of exposure hold up onset of type I = 10 to 12 hours mediated by Ig E primary cell components Mast cell and Basophil TYPE II (CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY) may affect variety of organs and tissues reaction time minutes to hour after exposure mediated by Ig G and Ig M ex. Drug-induced haemolytic anemia Granulocytopenia Thrombocytopenia TYPE III (IMMUNE-COMPLEX HYPERSENSITIVITY) the type of reaction is considered as GENERAL ex. Serum sickness may involve individual organ such as the skin (SLE and Arthus reaction), kidneys, lungs, blood vessels and joints reaction time 3 to 10 hours mediated by soluble immune complexes curiously Ig G TYPE IV (CELL-MEDIATED/ DELAYED TYPE) ex. Mantoux test (PTB test), PPV test, tuberculin test 48 to 72 hours (2 to 3 days) II. SKIN DISORDERS A. DERMATITIS/ECZEMA irritation of the epidermal layer Rashes are characterized by itching and redness Types I. touching Dermatitis inflammatory reaction either caused by Allergens or Irritants utilize PATCH TEST to identify the cause 2 TYPES BASED ON ETIOLOGY Irritant Contact Dermatitis Most common There is no sensitised reaction but there is inflammation that occurs because of either a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL IRRITANTS Manifestations Lesions appear sooner Appear on exposed areas Ex. Mechanical (glass fiber, wool) Chemical (cleaning compounds, perfume) Physical (clothing, stuff toy) * Allergic Contact Dermatitis A Delayed type (TYPE 4) of hypersensitivity rxn from contact with allergens Immune-mediated response by previously sensitized Lymphocytes to specific antigen (allergen) Ex. Drugs (Penicillin, Sulfonylamides) Metals (Nickel)Spandex rubber eraser Bra MANAGEMENT OF CONTACT DERMATITIS 1. Topical corticosteroids use BID for 2 weeks causes thinning of the skin 2. spoken Antibiotics if lesions develop into 2 lesion or if 2 infection sets in 3. Oral Antihistamines, Topical Antipruritic agents, Colloid oatmeal baths to control itching NURSING INTERVENTIONS 1. Avoiding irritants and sens itizing substances 2. Wear appropriate clothing 3. Wear gloves 4. Use mild welt products II. Atopic Dermatitis Genetically-based skin disorder that is both chronic and relapsing ( bec. it involves type 1 rxn) Strongly linked with asthma and hay fever Most common in children Immunologic irregularity (Cytokines and inflammatory mediators) v Vasoconstriction of careless vessel v vProtective barrier function of the skin FOCUS OF NURSING CARE in managing atopic dermatitis is pitch toward addressing the social and emotional disturbances and sleep pattern disturbance EXACERBATING FACTORS * Change in temperature COLD dry out skin HOT Vasodilation Inflammation Itching & Redness * Other irritants * Physiologic try direct stress to the area * Exercise loss of H2O Dryness MANAGEMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS (SYMPTOMATIC ONLY NO CURE) 1. Hydrating the Skin Cornerstone of way Apply moisturizer 3-4x a day to reestablish hydration of the S. corneum 2. Corticosteroid a. Systemic b. Top ical * Educate on * Proper Application (Only apply to area being affected) * Duration of Use (BID X 2 weeks) * grimace effects Thinning of the skin Jeopardizing the immune system Application of WET WRAPPINGS To enhance absorption and Helps change magnitude pruritus 3. Protopic ointment (tacrolimus) pimecrolimus (Elidel) IMMUNOMODULATORS (block T cell activation) Indication Moderate to Severe atopic dermatitis Side effects Itching, Burning, Irritation for fewer days Avoid sunlight/ artificial sunlight for prolonged periods (photosensitivity rxn) 4. Antihistamines for itchiness 5. Antibiotic if petty(a) infection sets in III. Seborrheic Dermatitis Eczematous eruptions typically occur in hairy areas Sebaceous gland in which there is an enlarge amount and alteration in the quality of sebum/serum Usually occurs on Scalp, Eyebrow, Central chest, Face, Genital skin fold PREDISPOSING FACTORS 1. Family history of skin diseases 2. Winter months symptoms usually worsen (dryi ng effect) 3. Over growth of yeast organisms ( secondary to fungal infection) Inflammatory changes Around sebaceous glands and hair follicles) v Red, greasy scales (Characteristic symptom scale) MANAGEMENT 1. diffused Tar, Selenium, Zinc, or Ketoconazole shampoo preparations Have antibacterial effect on the normal flora found at the hair follicles 2. Chronic Topical corticosteroids To flatten thick, scaly plaques (SCALP) Low potency topical steroids/ topical antimycotic agent agents (FACIAL) IV. Stasis Dermatitis Eczematous eruption common in light extremities occurring in older persons PREDISPOSING FACTORS 1. Varicosities (venous insufficiency) 2. Poor circulation vVenous return (From legs) Substances remain in the tissues v Irritation, brawny colored skin associated with edema v Itching (May or May not occur) v Scratches v Break in the epidermis (Stasis ulcer) v 2 infection MANAGEMENT (prevention of predisposing factors) 1. Treatment of peripheral vascular conditions 2. Prevent constriction of the circulation 3. Treat lower extremity edema * Elevate lower extremity (CI Cardio/Pulmonary problems) * Compression stockings * Unna boots (bandage application on the lower extremities) 4. Topical corticosteroids To address itching and scratches V. Lichen Simplex Chronicus Usually occurs in the Wrist, Ankles, and Back of the skull (Easily reached) A localised, well-circumscribed eczematous eruption caused by repeated rubbing and scratching Aka ITCH-SCRATCH rack PREDISPOSING FACTOR Stress where scratching becomes habitual and worse at NIGHT elephant skin B. ACNE An inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicle marked with comedone, macules, and papules TYPES I. Acne Vulgaris Occurs on the Face, Neck, Upper chest, & Buttocks Common among adolescents (80%) & may occur in adults PREDISPOSING FACTORS 1. Stress (activation of hormone production) 2.Heredity (familial tendency of androgen imbalance) 3. Endocrine (hormonal imbalances) 4. Diet (free fatty a cids) Puberty Androgen (Sebaceous glands undergo enlargement) v Produce sebum v Binds with debris (Keratin, Bacteria, Cell fragments) v Plug hair follicle v Comedo (open/close) v Inflammation (Papules, Pustules, Nodules, Cyst) MANAGEMENT 1. Topical Benzoyl Peroxide Retinoids Retinoid-like drugs such as Adapaline, Tretinoids, Azeleic acid Antibiotics such as Clindamycin, Erythromycin, & Sulfa-based agents *Dont self-medicate 2. Systemic Antibiotic indicated for inflammatory acne lesionsIsotretinoin (Accutane) vitamin A analog Side effx Dry lips & conjunctiva, and skin hairloss, muscle ache, photosensitivity, humor disturbance prevents pregnancy, Risk of birth defects 3. Intralesional therapy NURSING CARE 1. Keep hands and hair away from face 2. Avoid exposure to oil and greases a. Eat well-balanced diet b. Wash face 2 or 3X a day with mild cleanser c. Use only water-based cosmetics II. Acne Rosacea Characterized as a RED facial rash which mostly affect 30-60 y/o It has both vascular and acne component Chronic, localized eruption with vascular and acne characteristic PREDISPOSITION . Affects women more than men ( S/S is more backbreaking in female) 2. Fair complexion individuals are more inclined 3. Familial predisposition CHARACTERISTICS 1. Red papules (sometimes pustules) usually located on nose, forehead, cheeks, chin, rarely involves trunk and upper limbs 2. Blushing or flushing (Red face) telangiectasia 3. Dry and flaky facial skin 4. Enlarged unshapely nose with sebaceous hyperplasia (the pores will become prominent) and hammer nose (fibrous thickening) 5. Eye symptoms eyelid inflammation/ conjunctivitis *Appearance of Lesion DOME-SHAPED (no black/white heads no deep cyst/lumps) MANAGEMENTS 1. Antibiotics (Tetracycline) including doxycycline and minocycline Duration 6-12 weeks to discredit inflammation (redness, papules, pustules and eye symptoms) 2. Topical metronidazole/ Azeleic acid jactitate or lotion applied 2x a day directly to the affected area 3. Nutraceuticals / clonidine ? -2 recepto agonists reduce vasodilation vflushing/redness in the area 4. Anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) to reduce discomfort and redness on the affected skin NURSING INTERVENTIONS 1. Avoid oil-based facial creams 2. Use water-based make-up 3. Never apply a topical steroid (to the rosacea) . Protect yourself from the sun. (Use light oil-free facial sunscreens) 5. Keep your face cool minimize your exposure to hot or spicy foods, alcohol, hot showers and baths and warm rooms. C. PSORIASIS A genetically determined, chronic, epidermal, proliferative, not curable dse *control fast cellular proliferation aka PAPULO-SQUAMOUS LESION scaly in characteristic a chronic, recurrent, erythematous inflammatory disorder involving keratin synthesis History 1841 Viennese dermatologist known as Ferdinand von Hebra coined the term psoriasis from Greek word psora which means to itch relative incidenceMen and women are equally affected Occurs in all ages but is less common among children and time-worn Commence at early adulthood (18-24) Increased incidence among Whites Decreased among Japanese, American Indians, West African origin exacerbated by several factors manifestations usually appear between 15 and 35 years old CAUSE unknown But with high link to alteration in cyclic nucleotide and possible immunologic abnormality CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS 1. Immune-mediated condition The condition is believed to be caused by faulty signals in the bodys immune system the body tends to overreact and accelerate the growth of skin cells the T cells abnormally trigger inflammation in the skin (accelerates skin cells to grow faster and to pile up on the outer surface of the skin the skin does not desquamate but piles up) *Normally, skin cells mature and sheds off every 28-30 days Cytokines (Lymphokines) v Platelet, Neutrophils, Basophils v Release of Histamine v Inflammation 2. Genetic It has been appreciated by physicians t hat it occurs in families high rates among monozygotic twins known to be linked with inherited genes or other immune-mediated conditions when both parents have psoriasis, a child may have 40% probability of growing the disease